CHAPTER 3 SECTIONS 1, 2, and 3

Preview Section 1 Animal Reproduction Section 2 Plant Reproduction Adapting to the Environment Preview Section 1 Animal Reproduction Section 2 Plant Reproduction Section 3 Animal Behavior Section 4 Adaptations and Survival Concept Mapping

Section 1 Animal Reproduction Objectives Describe the patterns and advantages of asexual reproduction in animals. Describe the patterns and advantages of sexual reproduction in animals. Explain how sexual reproduction is related to variation within a species.

Section 1 Animal Reproduction Objectives, continued Explain the difference between external and internal fertilization. Identify the three different types of mammalian reproduction.

Section 1 Animal Reproduction Asexual Reproduction In asexual reproduction, a single parent has offspring genetically identical to the parent. Budding: part of parent organism pinches off to form offspring Fragmentation/Regeneration: part of organism breaks off and all parts re-grow into new organisms fission (cell division) also runners (strawberries, crab grass), grafting (grapes, roses, fruit trees), spores (mold)

binary fission > < regeneration budding

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction: allows organisms successful in an environment to reproduce offspring which will also be successful allows organisms to reproduce rapidly

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction: What if the environment suddenly changes? entire population may be wiped out.

Section 1 Animal Reproduction Sexual Reproduction genetic information from more than one parent combines  form genetically unique offspring. Sexual reproduction in animals usually requires two parents—a male and a female. female parent  eggs male parent  sperm Zygote: fertilized egg  grows into unique individual

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction: Combination of genes from parents produces variation in populations. Variation allows populations to adapt to changes in the environment over time. Some individuals better adapted for survival.

Section 1 Animal Reproduction External Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes eggs outside female’s body. (EX: fish, amphibians) Internal Fertilization occurs when egg and sperm join inside female’s body. (EX: reptiles, birds, mammals)

Mammals: fur, nourish young with milk Section 1 Animal Reproduction Mammals: fur, nourish young with milk Monotremes: egg-laying. (EX: spiny anteater, platypus) Marsupials: give birth to partially developed live young. Most have pouches where young continue to develop after birth. (EX: kangaroo, opossum, wallaby) Placentals: young nourished inside mother’s body before birth. (EX: humans, wolves)

Bellringer Brainstorm a list of ways that plants disperse their seeds. Section 2 Plant Reproduction Bellringer Brainstorm a list of ways that plants disperse their seeds. Write your answers in your science journal.

Section 2 Plant Reproduction Objectives Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in nonvascular plants. Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in seedless vascular plants. Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in seed plants. Identify three kinds of asexual reproduction in plants.

Reproduction in Nonvascular Plants Section 2 Plant Reproduction Reproduction in Nonvascular Plants Nonvascular plants must be covered by film of water for fertilization to occur. Eggs and sperm (gametophytes) form in separate structures, often on separate plants. When water covers clumps of gametophytes, sperm swim to female gametophytes  fertilize eggs.

Non-vascular plants mosses liverworts

Video Clip: Nonvascular Plants

Reproduction in Seedless Vascular Plants Section 2 Plant Reproduction Reproduction in Seedless Vascular Plants Similar to nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants can only reproduce when film of water covers gametophyte. However, in most species, both eggs and sperm produced on same plant. Gametophytes usually: very small develop on/below soil surface.

Seedless vascular plants horsetails ferns > club mosses

Video Clip: Seedless vascular plants

Reproduction in Seed Plants Section 2 Plant Reproduction Reproduction in Seed Plants Gymnosperms Most have reproductive structures  cones (conifers). gymnos = naked (Greek) Wind transfers pollen (sperm) from male cone to eggs in female cone during pollination.

gymnosperms

Video Clip: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued Section 2 Plant Reproduction Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued Angiosperms gametophytes develop within flowers. Pollination  pollen moves from anthers to stigmas. Fertilization  sperm fuses with egg inside ovule.

angiosperms

Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms Section 2 Plant Reproduction Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms

Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms Section 2 Plant Reproduction Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms After fertilization  ovule develops into seed (contains tiny, undeveloped plant). As fruit swells/ripens  protects developing seeds. Fruits often help plant spread seeds. EX: Bird eats blackberry, flies several miles, poops seeds which then sprout in new area.

Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued Section 2 Plant Reproduction Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued When seeds are dropped/ planted in suitable environment  seeds sprout  young plants begin to grow. To sprout, most seeds need: water air warm temperatures (Each plant species has ideal temperature at which most of its seeds will begin to grow.)

Reproduction in Seed Plants

Video Clip: life cycle of flowering plant

Reproduction in Seed Plants Section 2 Plant Reproduction Reproduction in Seed Plants Other methods of plant reproduction include: Plantlets Tiny plants grow along edges of plant’s leaves. These plantlets fall off and grow on own. EX: mother-of-thousands plant Tubers Underground stems, or tubers, produce new plants after dormant season. EX: potatoes Runners Above-ground stems from which new plants can grow. EX: strawberries, spider plant

Section 3 Animal Behavior Bellringer Write a sentence to describe each of the following terms: predator, prey. List three animals that are predators and three that are prey. Are humans predators or prey? Explain your answer. Write your answers in your science journal.

Objectives Explain the difference between learned and innate behavior. Section 3 Animal Behavior Objectives Explain the difference between learned and innate behavior. Describe five kinds of behaviors that help animals survive. Identify seasonal behaviors that help animals adapt to the environment.

Section 3 Animal Behavior Kinds of Behavior Innate Learned

Innate Behavior behavior that doesn’t depend on learning or experience inherited through genes (instincts) EX: Bees fly Male bowerbird collects colourful objects for nesting to attract mate Newborn whales swim Humans walk (not at birth)

Learned Behavior behavior learned from experience or from observing other animals can be modified can use learning to change a behavior EX: Human language, wearing clothes Gorilla (Koko) used sign language Pets at feeding time

Survival Behaviors Finding Food Predators Prey Marking Territory Section 3 Animal Behavior Survival Behaviors Finding Food Predators Prey Marking Territory claim territories to save energy by avoiding competition. Territory: area occupied by one animal or group of animals that do not allow other members of same species to enter.

Survival Behaviors, continued Section 3 Animal Behavior Survival Behaviors, continued Defensive Action: allows animals to protect resources (food, mates, offspring) from others. Courtship Behaviors which attract mates must find mates to reproduce (essential for survival of an individual’s genes). Parenting young animals often depend on parents for survival Protection, food supply, learn adult “skills” such as hunting

courtship

Seasonal Behaviors Migration Section 3 Animal Behavior Seasonal Behaviors Migration avoid cold weather by traveling to warmer places. migrate to find food, water, or safe nesting grounds. Hibernation period of inactivity/decreased body temperature some animals experience in winter. Estivation internal slowdown in hottest part of summer/day

estivation

Seasonal Behavior, continued Section 3 Animal Behavior Seasonal Behavior, continued Biological Clock internal control of an animal’s natural cycles use clues such as length of day and temperature. Circadian Rhythms Some biological clocks control long cycles. Seasonal cycles nearly universal for animals. Hibernation Reproduce to take advantage of climate helpful for young’s survival Migration patterns

Section 4 Adaptation and Survival

Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Objectives Identify three kinds of adaptations that help organisms survive. Describe the four parts of natural selection. Explain how variation occurs within a population. Explain why genetic variation within a population is important. Explain how resistance to insecticide is a survival characteristic.

Adaptation: a characteristic (behavioural or structural) that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

Structural Adaptations Inherited traits of body structure or physical appearance. Polar bear survives frigid Arctic  blubber layer Reptiles survive desert heat  scales keep water from escaping through skin Food finding: next slide

Adaptations for Obtaining Food Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Adaptations for Obtaining Food Woodpecker: beak to drill thru bark Chameleon: long tongue to capture insects Humans: shape and function of fingers/hands

Predator-Prey Adaptations Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Predator-Prey Adaptations Camouflage: defense adaptation - disguise used by organism so it is hard to see even when organism is in view by predator.

Adaptations to Interactions Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Adaptations to Interactions 2 species can also acquire adaptations because of interaction w/ one another. Adaptations because of interactions can take place between any organisms that live close together. Hawaiian honeycreeper and lobelia

Inherited traits diagram on board (pg 60 TCAP coach book)

Inherited characteristics in populations can change over time. Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Natural Selection Inherited characteristics in populations can change over time. Natural selection: process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well-adapted individuals.

Natural Selection, continued Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Natural Selection, continued The theory of natural selection explains how a population changes in response to its environment. If natural selection is always taking place, a population will tend to be well adapted to its environment. Individuals that are likely to survive and reproduce are those best adapted at the time.

Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Natural Selection

Natural Selection: 4 Steps Overproduction More offspring are born than can survive to adulthood.

Natural Selection: 4 Steps Genetic variation within a population Individuals in population have different characteristics due to genetic differences. Some differences increase survival chances, some lower chances.

Natural Selection: 4 Steps Struggle for survival Only some individuals survive to reproduce: insufficient food/water, predation, inability to find mate

Natural Selection: 4 Steps Successful reproduction Individuals better adapted for survival live to reproduce. Those less adapted either die or have few offspring.

Changes in Genetic Variation Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Changes in Genetic Variation In order for natural selection to continue, individuals w/ in population must be different. Over time, the population will be made up of more individuals w/ characteristics that help them survive.

Section 4 Adaptation and Survival If a population decreases rapidly, a genetic bottleneck occurs. Many characteristics may be lost entirely from a population because all individuals with those characteristics died.

Insecticide Resistance Section 4 Adaptation and Survival Insecticide Resistance Insecticide resistance  result of natural selection. Some individual insects w/ in population are resistant to certain insecticides. Resistance is an adaptation. These insects survive and reproduce  pass insecticide-resistance genes to offspring. MRSA and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria  result of natural selection

Adapting to the Environment Concept Mapping Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. asexual reproduction budding external fertilization fragmentation reproduction internal fertilization sexual reproduction

Adapting to the Environment

Adapting to the Environment