Blood Type of connective tissue The only fluid tissue in the human body 38 degrees celsius or 100.4 degrees farenheit Slightly alkaline, pH 7.35-7.45 About 5x’s thicker than water 5.3 Q average adult More blood in males than females Account for approximately 8% of body weight

Functions: Transport, Regulation and Protection The transport functions include: carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells. transporting carbon dioxide to the lungs (for removal) transporting nitrogenous wastes to the kidneys (for removal) carrying hormones from the endocrine glands to the target tissues. The regulation functions include: removing heat from active areas, such as skeletal muscles, and transporting it to other regions or to the skin where it can be dissipated (maintaining body temp) pH regulation through the action of buffers in the blood. The protection functions include: preventing fluid loss by forming clots protect the body against microorganisms that cause disease

2 Parts of Whole Blood Cells (formed elements) living component 45% of total blood 3 main types Formed in bone marrow, spleen*, thymus gland*, and lymph nodes* * Only some white blood cells

2 Parts of Whole Blood 2. Plasma (matrix) non-living component 55% of total blood mainly water (90%) over 100 dissolved substances ex. Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins), salts (electrolytes), gases (O2 and CO2), hormones, waste (urea and uric acid), Plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulins) Plasma proteins Most abundant solutes in plasma Most are made by the liver Ex. Albumin—regulates osmotic pressure and thickens blood Clotting proteins—help when a blood vessel is injured

Separating Blood Components Layers are based on density Top layer: plasma Thin white middle layer: Buffy coat: contains white blood cells and platelets Bottom layer: red blood cells sink to the bottom Hematocrit: Ratio of red cells to total volume  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvnaH_uNRbs Red Blood Cells

3 Main Formed Elements Erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBCs) Leukocytes White blood cells (WBCs) Thrombocytes Platelets, cell fragments

All formed elements stem from a specific type of cell Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts (blood stem cells) in the red bone marrow

1. Erythrocytes Commonly known as red blood cells or RBCs Main function is to carry oxygen Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes Biconcave disks Essentially bags of hemoglobin Anucleate (no nucleus) Contain very few organelles *4-6 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

Formation of Erythrocytes Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins Wear out in 100 to 120 days RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver

Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules Hemoglobin is recycled in the body *Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood

2. Leukocytes commonly known as white blood cells or WBCs Crucial in the body’s defense against disease These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles Able to move into and out of blood vessels Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues Many types of WBC’s some are macrophages and some produce antibodies or histamine *4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood

Formed Elements Types of leukocytes Granulocytes Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained Possess lobed nuclei Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils Phil eats Grain Agranulocytes Lack visible cytoplasmic granules Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped Include lymphocytes and monocytes No Grains in sight (cyte)

Formed Elements List of the WBCs from most to least abundant Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Types will vary depending on a persons health at the time Easy way to remember this list Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Types of granulocytes Neutrophils Multilobed nucleus with fine granules Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_mXDvZQ6dU Eosinophils Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules Found in response to allergies and/or parasitic worms

Basophils Have histamine-containing granules Initiate inflammation

Types of agranulocytes Lymphocytes Nucleus fills most of the cell B-lymphocytes produce antibodies —collect and clump bacteria together, easier for phagocytes to “eat” them T-lymphocytes directly attack cells that do not belong (cell tag receptor incorrect) Monocytes Largest of the white blood cells Function as macrophages Important in fighting chronic infection

3. Thrombocytes Commonly known as platelets Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) Primary function is the clotting process Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3