Biology 1 Chapter 21 Ecosystems

Do Now Which of the following shows the organizational level of a biome from the broadest category to the most specific category? A. biome population  community  ecosystem  organism B. biome  ecosystem  community  population  organism C. biome  community  ecosystem  population  organism D. biome  ecosystem  population  community  organism

Biomes Biomes-large climatic regions that contain a number of smaller but related ecosystems within them. May exist in more than one location on Earth, but each location has a similar climate.

Terrestrial Biomes-Tundra Tundra-cold and largely treeless Permafrost-permanently frozen layer of soil under the surface Small slow growing plants like grass, moss Short growing season Few nutrients in soil due to low temperatures that hinder decay

Tropical Forest Tropical forest-occur near the equator Stable temperatures Abundant rainfall Two seasons: One wet & one dry Have the highest species richness of all biomes Tropical dry forest-have long dry seasons during which the trees lose their leaves Tropical rain forest-characterized by long wet seasons and tall trees and plants that grow year-round.

Competition for light is intense in a tropical rain forest. Canopy-a continuous layer of treetops which shades the forest floor. Jungle-dense growth found along riverbanks and in disrupted areas where sunlight can reach the forest floor. Epiphytes-small plants that live on the branches of tall trees; produce their own food Ex. Mosses, orchids, and bromeliads

Temperate Forest Occur in eastern North America, western and central Europe, and northeastern Asia Distinct seasons Moderate climate Characterized by the type of tree that is most common Two Types: Deciduous and Coniferous

Temperate Deciduous Forest-lose all of their leaves in the fall and regrow them in the spring. Have pronounced precipitation with precipitation unevenly distributed through the years. Trees have broad, thin leaves with a large surface area Large areas have been cut down for timber or cleared for human inhabitation.

Taiga-Forested biome dominated by coniferous trees Also known as the boreal forest or temperate coniferous forest Long winter with snow covers and insulates the ground, protecting tree roots. Plants are adapted for long, cold winters, short summers, and nutrient-poor soil. Waxy, needle-shaped leaves remain on the tree all winter long and adapt against water loss.

Grasslands Dominated by a variety of grasses Known by different names in different parts of the world North America-Prairies Asia-Steppes South America-Pampas Africa-Veldts

Temperate Grasslands-usually form in the interior of continents with rainfall patterns that make these areas too dry to support trees. Have rich, fertile soil Support large herds of grazing animals Can survive repeated grazing and fires because the actively growing part of the plant is at or below the ground. Many have been transformed into farmland

Savanna-tropical or temperate grasslands that have scattered deciduous trees and shrubs Have more rainfall than deserts Have alternating wet and dry seasons Some trees shed their leaves during the dry season Support large numbers of herbivores and carnivores

Chaparral-dominated by dense, spiny shrubs and scattered clumps of coniferous trees Mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers with periodic fires Found mainly in coastal settings.

Desert-areas that receive an average of less than 10 inches of rainfall per year Cold desert-hot in summer but cold in winter Great Basin and Gobi Desert Vegetation is sparse and consists of plants that have waxy coatings Animals avoid heat of the day by hiding or burrowing

Do Now Which choice below lists the biomes in order from lowest precipitation amounts to highest precipitation amounts? A. desert, temperate deciduous forest, grasslands, tropical rainforest B. grasslands, desert, tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous forest C. desert, grasslands, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest D. grasslands, desert, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rainforest Answer: C

Do Now A pod of dolphins hunting and feeding on a school of fish is an example of A. a community interaction. B. a biome interaction. C. a population interaction. D. an ecosystem interaction. Answer: A

Aquatic Ecosystems: Ocean Zones Photic Zone-the part of the ocean that receives sunlight Aphotic Zone-the zone where sunlight cannot penetrate Zones relative to the ocean’s edges: Intertidal Neritic Zones relative to the open ocean: Pelagic-not near coast Benthic-sea floor

Intertidal Zone-the area of shoreline that is twice daily covered by water during high tide and exposed to air during low tide.

Coral reefs-built by coral animals over long periods of time Neritic Zone-Extends from the intertidal zone over the continental shelf and to relatively shallow water The most productive zone in the ocean. Upwelling-strong currents that carry nutrients from the ocean bottom and mix them with nutrients contained in runoff from land. Plankton-communities of small organisms that drift with the ocean currents Coral reefs-built by coral animals over long periods of time

Oceanic Zone-encompasses the deepest parts of the ocean About half of the photosynthesis that occurs on Earth takes place in the oceanic zone

Estuary-occurs where freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea Ex. Bay, mud flat, mangrove swamp, salt marsh Shallow water receives light, & rivers deposit large amounts of minerals Contain Sphagnum moss

Freshwater Zones Lakes and ponds are divided into two categories: Eutrophic lakes-rich in organic matter and vegetation, so the waters are relatively murky. Oligotrophic lakes-contain little organic matter and the bottom is usually sandy or rocky

River/stream-body of freshwater that flows down a gradient toward its mouth.

Freshwater wetlands-areas of land that are covered with fresh water for at least part of each year. Most productive freshwater ecosystem Important stopovers for migratory birds Provide protection for spawning organisms. Act as filters to clean pollutants out of the water Act as flood control

Two types of wetlands: Marshes-contain non-woody plants Swamps-contain woody plants

Do Now Which choice below lists the biomes in order from lowest average temperatures to highest average temperatures? A. taiga, tropical rainforest, grasslands B. taiga, temperate deciduous forest, savanna C. tundra, grasslands, taiga D. tundra, savanna, temperate deciduous forest Answer: B