What do you think would happen if the world lost oxygen for 5 seconds? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXEjJSALaCU

__________________ get energy by consuming other organisms AUTOTROPHS _____________ can make their own food using energy from sunlight HETEROTROPHS __________________ get energy by consuming other organisms

WHAT DO CELLS USE ENERGY FOR ? Movement Synthesis of biomolecules Reproduction

ATP ONE SPECIAL KIND of NUCLEOTIDE is used by cells to store and transport ENERGY ATP

CELLS USE ATP TO STORE and RELEASE ENERGY 3 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS Adenosine triphosphate ATP = __________________________

ATP can change into ADP Adenosine diphosphate 2 ____ PHOSPHATE GROUPS

ATP releases energy stored in a high energy chemical bond by removing the phosphate and becoming ADP ATP → ____ + ____ + ADP

Cells ________ energy by adding the phosphate back on to ADP to make ATP STORE The energy to do this comes from ____________ like _____________ FOODS GLUCOSE ADP + ___ + ________ → ___ ATP

ATP is great for TRANSFERRING ENERGY, but _____ good for storing ________ amounts of energy for the ______________. A single molecule of GLUCOSE stores more than _________the chemical energy. Cells only keep enough ATP around to last a few seconds and recharge it by burning___________. NOT LARGE LONG TERM 90 times glucose

MONOSACCHARIDES Single sugar molecules CARBOHYDRATES contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (with a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O) Example: GLUCOSE C6H12O6 CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY

CARBOHYDRATES are building blocks for other molecules ATP DNA & RNA POLYSACCHARIDES

Molecules made by joining MANY sugar molecules together are called ___________________ POLYSACCHARIDES EXAMPLES:

GLYCOGEN is the way _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY GLYCOGEN is the way _________ cells store GLUCOSE to use later. ANIMAL

store GLUCOSE for later. CARBOHYDRATES SUPPLY ENERGY STARCH is the way _______ cells store GLUCOSE for later. PLANT

Atoms are the basic unit of MATTER: A NUCLEUS contains ______________ orbit nucleus in ENERGY LEVELS PROTONS (+) NEUTRONS ELECTRONS (-)

Atoms differ in numbers of protons, neutrons, & electrons

Atoms/ions important for living things ____________ Carbon - C Oxygen - O Hydrogen - H Nitrogen - N Sulfur - S Phosphorus - P

ATOMS CAN JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE MOLECULES Ex: Joining 2 HYDROGEN atoms with 1 OXYGEN atom makes ________ WATER A chemical formula tells what kind of molecules and how many are in a molecule EX: ________ H2O

________________ = kind of chemical reaction in which molecules are produced by joining smaller molecules together 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H20 SYNTHESIS Hydrogen molecule oxygen molecule 2 water molecules

A chemical equation tells what happens in a chemical reaction when molecules interact NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H20 ______________ _______________ Molecules that react Molecules that are produced → products reactants

History of Photosynthesis When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from?

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT a Belgian physician ___________________ determined the mass of a pot of dry soil and a small seedling. Jan van Helmont Then he planted the seedling in the pot and watered it regularly. At the end of 5 years the _____________ __________about 75 kg, but the mass of the _________ was almost ________________. seedling had gained soil unchanged He decided the “increase in plant” had to come from the ________… that was the only thing he had added! WATER

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something he couldn’t see… __________________ from the air. carbon dioxide Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________ water carbon Carbohydrates http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1771- An English minister, _________________________, discovered that a flame burning in a closed jar would die out. If he placed a __________ in the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle could be lit again. Joseph Priestley live plant The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up OXYGEN We now know it was …____________

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1779- Dutch scientist ________________________ showed Priestley’s plant experiment only worked if the plant was exposed to _________________ ! Jan Ingenhousz light

EXPERIMENTS TO FIND OUT 1961- American chemist __________________ received the Nobel prize for figuring out the chemical _______________ used by plants to make sugar Melvin Calvin pathway

THE BIG PICTURE → These experiments led to work by later scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water into carbohydrates and release oxygen. Carbon dioxide WATER Sugars Oxygen _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ 6 CO2 6 H2O → C6H12O6 6 O2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________

chlorophyll light energy In addition to water and carbon dioxide, _________________ and are needed for photosynthesis to happen chlorophyll light energy

Photosynthesis consumed ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. consumed Product Y Reaction 1 → Product → X Reaction 2 → A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

PHOTOSYNTHESIS: Reactants & Products LIGHT ENERGY 6CO2 + 6H2O SUGAR + 6O2

colors Visible light is made up of many different _______________of light Your eyes “see” different sizes of waves as different ___________ wavelengths colors http://www.simontucket.com/_Portfolio/PortLarge/L_Il_Prism.jpg

Myth: Many people think that plants are green because they absorb and use green light in photosynthesis, BUT . . . .

We “see” reflected light Light wavelengths that are ___________ off of objects bounce back to our eyes . REFLECTED

Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called ___________. The main energy absorbing molecule in green plants is ___________________ _________________ are plant pigments too. (These look yellow, orange, and red) pigments CHLOROPHYLL CAROTENOIDS

There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a absorbs the _____ & ________ wavelengths best. It absorbs very little ______ light. red violet Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red blue

There are two types of chlorophyll __________________ & ___________________ Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll b absorbs some ______light and even more _________ light. red Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a blue-violet red

NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b NEITHER KIND OF CHLOROPHYLL IS VERY GOOD AT ABSORBING _________ LIGHT! Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a GREEN red

That’s why leaves LOOK GREEN….. Chlorophyll doesn’t absorb…. it ___________ GREEN light. REFLECTS

GREEN leaves have BOTH chlorophyll AND carotenoids __________________ but the huge amount of chlorophyll ______ the other colors and leaves usually look green ALL THE TIME hides

In ______, chlorophyll production slows as the trees shut down and photosynthesis stops for winter FALL

carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll Then we can see the carotinoid colors that are usually _______ by chlorophyll HIDDEN

SO WHAT WAVELENGTHS ARE BEST FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS? Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b THE ONES CHLOROPHYLL ABSORBS THE BEST ________ and _______________ Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a red blue-violet

Because light is a form of ___________, any molecule that absorbs light also ___________the energy from the light. ENERGY ABSORBS

ENERGY & ELECTRONS When chlorophyll absorbs light, the energy is transferred to electrons in the chlorophyll molecule HIGH ENERGY ____________ make photosynthesis work! ELECTRONS

Photosynthesis occurs in the ________________ CHLOROPLASTS

PHOTOSYNTHESIS HAPPENS IN CHLOROPLASTS THYLAKOIDS = sac-like photosynthetic = stack of thylakoids membranes inside chloroplast GRANUM (pl. grana)

SPACES THYLAKOID SPACE STROMA Cytoplasm Gel-filled space inside chloroplast surrounding thylakoid sac Gel-filled space Inside the thylakoid sac Cytoplasm Gel-filled space OUTSIDE chloroplast but inside the cell membrane

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Proteins that are part of the thylakoid membrane organize ________________________________ into clusters called _____________________ Light absorbing PIGMENTS PHOTOSYSTEMS