U.S. History Goal 4 Objective 4.02 Native American Wars U.S. History Goal 4 Objective 4.02

Objective 4.02 Evaluate the impact that settlement in the West had upon different groups of people and upon the environment

Plains Indians Plains Indians’ culture revolved around the buffalo Source of food, shelter, clothing Nomadic lifestyle Traveled grasslands on horseback following buffalo herds

John Mix Stanley – Buffalo Hunt on the Southwestern Prairies (1845)

Government Policy Mid 1800s policy changed from relocating tribes farther west to seizing land and sending them to reservations

Disappearance of the Buffalo 1800 - ~60 million buffalo on the Plains 1894 – as few as 25 remained Why?

Destruction of herds White settlement reduced grazing lands and cut migration routes Settler’s livestock carried diseases that destroyed herds US Army encouraged destruction of herds to wipe out Plains Indians’ food supply Demand for hides in east Sport hunting – railroad “hunting specials”

Sand Creek Massacre Col. John Chivington (Methodist preacher) 700 troops attacked Cheyenne settlement at Sand Creek – ignored flag of peace Killed ~150 men, women, children

Sand Creek (continued) Returned to Denver and showed scalps and mutilated body parts to cheering crowds Chivington seen as a hero to many in Denver Congress condemned his actions but did not punish

Sand Creek Massacre

Battle of Little Bighorn For years Lakota Sioux conducted raids on white settlers who moved onto Sioux lands Situation turned over to military Sitting Bull led a gathering of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho near Little Bighorn River

June 25, 1876 US Army Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer led his troops to attack superior numbers Custer and his men encircled and wiped out

“Custer’s Last Stand”

Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Land taken over by settlers and gold miners; forced to flee Fought as they fled Surrendered less than 40 miles from Canadian border

“From where the Sun now stands, I will fight no more forever “From where the Sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.” - Chief Joseph

Ghost Dance Movement Belief that Native American lands and way of life would be restored Return of Indian dead and the buffalo Led by Wovoka (Paiute shaman) Newspapers suggested coming uprising

Arrest of Sitting Bull Arrested because he joined Ghost Dance movement Skirmish broke out and he was killed

Wounded Knee Massacre - 1890 7th Cavalry ordered Sioux to give up their guns One gun went off – accidental????? Soldiers began shooting 300 Sioux men, women, and children killed – some bodies 3 miles form camp

Wounded Knee Massacre marked the end of the “Indian Wars” – bloody conflict between US Army and Plains Indians

Americanization of Native Americans Assimilation - process of making Native Americans adopt a way of life similar to white Americans Overseen by Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Schools Carlisle Indian School (Pennsylvania)

Dawes Severalty Act (Dawes Act) 1887 Significant step from Congress towards assimilation Broke up Native American reservation lands and turned them over to individual Native Americans Could be bought by settlers Forced a white method of land ownership

Crazy Horse Monument – South Dakota

Projected completion??? – begun in 1948