Fundamentals of IT Lecture 1: Introduction, history of Computers Westminster International University in Tashkent 2015-2016 Lecture 1: Introduction, history of Computers

Agenda Module History of the computers Timeline Computer generations Overview Learning Outcomes Roadmap for the semester History of the computers Timeline Computer generations

Module overview Module leader and tutor: Office hours: Assessment Olga Yugay (MEng in Computer Science) Office hours: Monday, 3 – 4 pm Friday, 11 am – 12 pm Room: ATB216 Assessment Coursework 40%, Final exam 60%

After completing this course, a student is expected to have strong understanding of information technology concepts and be able to explain its various components to be able to easily differentiate between computer hardware and software to understand the numerical processes run within computer system to apply acquired knowledge in future workplaces as advanced IT users

Why care about abstraction…?

Abstraction is …way to think about the something which removes or hides complex details …a technique for managing complexity of computer systems. Abstraction Reality

Another abstraction…

Roadmap of the module

Layers of Computing Systems Communications Applications Operating Systems Programming Hardware Information

Layers of Computing Systems Information numbers audio text Images video 01001010101010

Layers of Computing Systems Hardware Gates Circuits Information

Layers of Computing Systems Programming Algorithms Assembly Languages Data types OOD and High level languages Hardware Information

Layers of Computing Systems Memory Management CPU Scheduling Process Management Operating systems Programming File Systems and Directories Hardware Information

Layers of Computing Systems Afa Natural Language Processing Applications Games Knowledge Management Operating Systems DBMS Programming AI Hardware Information

Layers of Computing Systems Applications Operating Systems Programming Hardware Information Communications Protocols Networking www Network Addresses

History of Computing

Your ideas When do you think history of computing began? What was the first computing device?

Early History Of Computing Abacus(16th century BC) An early device to record numeric values

Blaise Pascal(In the middle of 17th century) Mechanical device to add, subtract, divide & multiply Joseph Jacquard(late 18th century) Jacquard’s Loom, the punched card Charles Babbage(19th century) Analytical Engine

Nowadays Super Computers

Nowadays Super Computers Tianhe-2 Sequoia

TOP 5 Super computer list RANK SITE SYSTEM CORES RMAX (TFLOP/S) RPEAK (TFLOP/S) POWER (KW) 1 National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou China Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) - TH-IVB-FEP Cluster, Intel Xeon E5-2692 12C 2.200GHz, TH Express-2, Intel Xeon Phi 31S1P NUDT 3,120,000 33,862.7 54,902.4 17,808 2 DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States Titan - Cray XK7 , Opteron 6274 16C 2.200GHz, Cray Gemini interconnect, NVIDIA K20x Cray Inc. 560,640 17,590.0 27,112.5 8,209 3 DOE/NNSA/LLNL United States Sequoia - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60 GHz, Custom IBM 1,572,864 17,173.2 20,132.7 7,890 4 RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS) Japan K computer, SPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GHz, Tofu interconnect Fujitsu 705,024 10,510.0 11,280.4 12,660 5 DOE/SC/Argonne National Laboratory United States Mira - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60GHz, Custom IBM 786,432 8,586.6 10,066.3 3,945

Brainteaser Video: Quantum computers

4 generations of computers

First generation computers (1951 – 1959) Vacuum tubes stored information Generated a lot of heat Primary memory device – magnetic drum that rotated under read/write head Slow Input/Output Input device –card reader that read the holes punched in an IBM card Output – punched card or a line printer

First generation computers (1951 – 1959)

Second generation computers (1959-1965) Transistor replaced vacuum tubes Smaller more reliable Memory made from magnetic cores, tiny dougnut-shaped devices, each capable of storing one bit of information ->Immediate access memory Magnetic disk Transistors and other components - were assembled by hand on printed on printed circuit board

Third Generation (1965-1971) Integrated Circuits (IC) - solid pieces of silicon contained the transistors, other components, and their connections. Smaller, cheaper, faster, and more reliable Memory – use of transistor, each transistor one bit of information, volatile memory – the information went away when the power was turned off Input, output device – the terminal with keyboard and screen first appeared Early 1970s – several thousand transistor s on a silicon chip

Fourth generation (1971-?) Large scale integration Micro-computer on a chip PC (Personal Comptuter) entered the vocabulary Apple Tandy/Radio Shack Atari Commodore Sun IBM Remington Rand NCR DEC Hewlett-Packard Control Data Burroughs

Fourth generation (1971-?) IBM PC 1981 1984 – Macintosh Mid 1980s – workstations (larger, ore powerful than PC) The workstations were networked RISC – reduced instruction set computer architecture

Applications packages The layers of software Applications packages Systems Software High level languages Assembly languages Machine language

Recommended reading Dale, Computer Science Illuminated C.S. French, Computer Science J. Brookshear, Computer Science – An Overview