Dr. Manuel Vallée University of Auckland Semester 2 - 2016 SOC 102 – BECOMING MODERN: The Social Origins & Consequences of Modernity Dr. Manuel Vallée University of Auckland Semester 2 - 2016

OUTLINE - LECTURE 4a • Tuakana announcement • Recap • The Protestant Reformation • The Scientific Revolution

THE RELIGIOUS REFORMATIONS

The Protestant Reformation • What was the Protestant Reformation?

The Protestant Reformation • What was the Protestant Reformation? - Was it a force for progress, liberty and modernity?

The Protestant Reformation • What was the Protestant Reformation? - Was it a force for progress, liberty and modernity?

The Protestant Reformation • What was the Protestant Reformation? - Was it a force for progress, liberty and modernity? - Was it a force for conflict, division and repression?

The Protestant Reformation • What was the Protestant Reformation? - Was it a force for progress, liberty and modernity? - Was it a force for conflict, division and repression? - Is it history’s premier example of religion’s ability to inspire selfless idealism?

The Protestant Reformation • What was the Protestant Reformation? - Was it a force for progress, liberty and modernity? - Was it a force for conflict, division and repression? - Is it history’s premier example of religion’s ability to inspire selfless idealism? - Or is a cautionary tale of fanaticism and intolerance pursued in the name of faith?

The Protestant Reformation • What was the Protestant Reformation? - Was it a force for progress, liberty and modernity? - Was it a force for conflict, division and repression? - Is it history’s premier example of religion’s ability to inspire selfless idealism? - Or is a cautionary tale of fanaticism and intolerance pursued in the name of faith? - Was it about religion at all?

The Protestant Reformation • What was the Protestant Reformation? - Was it a force for progress, liberty and modernity? - Was it a force for conflict, division and repression? - Is it history’s premier example of religion’s ability to inspire selfless idealism? - Or is a cautionary tale of fanaticism and intolerance pursued in the name of faith? - Was it about religion at all? - Or was it an instance par excellence of spiritual motivations being cynically invoked to legitimate economic & political changes?

The Protestant Reformation • Different Aspects of the Reformation - Lutheranism

The Protestant Reformation • Different Aspects of the Reformation - Lutheranism - Calvinism

The Protestant Reformation • Different Aspects of the Reformation - Lutheranism - Calvinism - The English Reformation

The Protestant Reformation • Different Aspects of the Reformation - Lutheranism - Calvinism - The English Reformation - The Radical Reformation

The Protestant Reformation • Different Aspects of the Reformation - Lutheranism - Calvinism - The English Reformation - The Radical Reformation - The Catholic Counter-Reformation

The Protestant Reformation • Who were the drivers of this historical event?

The Protestant Reformation Who were the drivers of this historical event? Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) Germany

The Protestant Reformation Who were the drivers of this historical event? Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) Germany Huldrych Zwingli (1484 - 1531) Switzerland

The Protestant Reformation Who were the drivers of this historical event? Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) Germany Huldrych Zwingli (1484 - 1531) Switzerland John Calvin (1509 - 1564) France & Switzerland

The Protestant Reformation Who was Martin Luther?

The Protestant Reformation Key Dates for Martin Luther: 1483: Born 1505: law student caught in thunderstorm 1507: ordained as priest 1510: arrival in Rome 1517: Valla’s Donation of Constantine printed in Germany. 1517: On October 31st, Luther posts the 95 theses against indulgences. 1517: Within 2 weeks the theses spread throughout Germany 1517: Within 2 months the theses spread throughout Europe 1518: January the theses are translated from Latin into German. 1517-1520: Luther wrote 30+ tracts, with more than 300,000 copies printed. - 1520: Pope Leo X demanded that Luther retract all his writings 1521: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V demanded the same of Luther In both cases, Luther refused 1521: Pope excommunicates Luther & brands him an outlaw 1524: German peasants rise up. 1529: Group of German princes “protest” against calls to condemn Luther. 1533: Henry VIII (UK) splits from Rome 1546: Martin Luther dies By the time of his death, councils with reformed church tendencies controlled 1) Wittenberg, 2) Nuremberg, 3) Strasbourg, 4) Zurich, 5) Berne, and 6) Basle.

What Were Key Differences with Catholicism?

What Were Key Differences with Catholicism?

What Were Key Differences with Catholicism?

What Were Key Differences with Catholicism?

What Were Key Differences with Catholicism?

What Were Key Differences with Catholicism?

What Were Key Differences with Catholicism?

What Were Key Differences with Catholicism?

What Prompted Luther to Write the 95 Theses?

What Prompted Luther to Write the 95 Theses? The Church’s opulent spending

What Prompted Luther to Write the 95 Theses?

What Prompted Luther to Write the 95 Theses?

What Prompted Luther to Write the 95 Theses?

What Prompted Luther to Write the 95 Theses? The Church’s opulent spending The Church’s corruption and greed, as exemplified by the indulgences

The Debate

What was the Reaction of the Catholic Church? Suppress the reformers

What was the Reaction of the Catholic Church? Suppress the reformers Intimidate through art

What was the Reaction of the Catholic Church? Suppress the reformers Intimidate through art Set up systems of social control

What was the Reaction of the Catholic Church? SUPPRESS THE REFORMERS 1520: The Pope Pressured Luther to recant his writings 1521: The Pope Excommunicated Martin Luther

What was the Reaction of the Catholic Church? 2) INTIMIDATE THROUGH ART 1520-1524: Vatican commissioned Donation of Constantine painting 1535-1541: Michelangelo’s “The Last Judgment”

What was the Reaction of the Catholic Church? Donation of Constantine (1520-1524)

What was the Reaction of the Catholic Church? Michelangelo’s “The Last Judgment” (1535-1541)

What was the Reaction of the Catholic Church? 3) SET UP SYSTEMS OF SOCIAL CONTROL - 1540: Pope founds Society of Jesuits to “strive especially for the propagation and defense of the faith and progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine” - 1542: Pope established the Roman Inquisition to hunt down heretics & reformers - 1545: Pope convened the Council of Trent to rebut Protestantism - 1563: Mass censorship through the “Index of forbidden books”

How far did Lutheranism spread?

How far did Lutheranism spread?

What factors Contributed to the Effectiveness of Luther’s Criticism?

What was the cultural impact of the Protestant Reformation?

What were the Social Consequences of the Protestant Reformation?

How did the Protestant Reformation Alter the Distribution of Power in European Society?

How did the Protestant Reformation Contribute to the Development of Modernity?

Main Elements of Modernity Individualism Shift from superstitious thinking to logic & reason Secularism Democracy Nationalism Industrialization 7) Rapid technological change 8) Urbanization

Main Elements of Modernity Individualism Shift from superstitious thinking to logic & reason Secularism Democracy Nationalism Industrialization 7) Rapid technological change 8) Urbanization Also: Religious intolerance Religious wars