Ecology Part 2 Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4

B. The Greenhouse Effect Section Outline Section 4-1 4–1 The Role of Climate A. What Is Climate? B. The Greenhouse Effect C. The Effect of Latitude (and Altitude) on Climate D. Heat Transport in the Biosphere

What is the difference between weather and climate? Weather—day-to-day condition of the earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Climate—the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.

The Greenhouse Effect Section 4-1 Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface Weather is created by a complex interplay of heat and moisture driven by energy from the sun

Varying the concentration of greenhouse gases varies the amount of heat that is trapped near the earth’s surface Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse Gases (CO2, methane, water vapor) trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface

Three major climate zones due to latitude and angle of heating: Polar Temperate Tropical

Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate Section 4-1 Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes 90°N North Pole Sunlight Sunlight 66.5°N Arctic circle Some heat escapes into space Sunlight Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N Equator Most direct sunlight 0° Greenhouse gases trap some heat Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S Sunlight Atmosphere Arctic circle 66.5°S Sunlight Earth’s surface 90°S South Pole

Interest Grabber Section 4-2 Fitting In Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live.

Interactions Among Organisms Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition. What are some of the other ways that living things interact with one another?

4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? A.Biotic and Abiotic Factors B.The Niche Section Outline Section 4-2 4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? A.Biotic and Abiotic Factors B.The Niche C.Community Interactions 1.Competition 2.Predation 3.Symbiosis

D. Ecological Succession Primary Succession Secondary Succession

Biotic – biological factors that affect an ecosystem Abiotic – nonliving (physical) factors that affect an ecosystem

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

Niche – full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way the organisms uses those conditions

Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Section 4-2 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree

Community Interactions Competition—an interaction in which organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place and at the same time. Predation—an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on an animal

Symbiosis – a relationship in which two species live closely together Three types of symbiosis: mutualism = + + (both benefit) commensalism = + 0 (one benefits, other neither helped nor harmed) parasitism = + - (one benefits, other harmed)

Ecological Succession A series of changes in a community over time Primary Succession occurs where there is no soil is the process by which living things help to generate soil (p. 94)

Secondary Succession Occurs when life is removed without destroying the soil Plowing, fire, deforestation, drought, etc. can all spark secondary succession Define climax community

A. Climate and Microclimate B. The Major Biomes C. Other Land Areas Section Outline Section 4-3 4–3 Land Biomes A. Climate and Microclimate B. The Major Biomes C. Other Land Areas 1. Mountain Ranges 2. Polar Ice Caps

Microclimate – a climate within a small area that differs significantly from the surrounding climate (A Shady Mountainside) Biome – a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant species

Compare/Contrast Table Section 4-3 Ten Major Biomes Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor dense sparse Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium Tropical Savanna clay Desert low Temperate Grassland summer hot absent Temperate woodland and Shrubland summer low, winter moderate Temperate Forest summer moderate, winter cold Northwestern Coniferous Forest summer mild, winter cold rocky, acidic Boreal Forest summer mild, winter cool poor, acidic Tundra summer mild, winter cold

The World’s Major Land Biomes Section 4-3 Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga)

A. Freshwater Ecosystems 1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems Section Outline Section 4-4 4–4 Aquatic Ecosystems A. Freshwater Ecosystems 1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems 2. Standing-Water Ecosystems 3. Freshwater Wetlands

B. Marine Ecosystems C. Estuaries D. Marine Ecosystems 1. Intertidal Zone 2. Coastal Ocean 3. Coral Reefs 4. Open Ocean 5. Benthic Zone

Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the surface. The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Fish share the pond with turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Duck Water lilies Frog Dragonfly Mosquito larvae Duckweed Phytoplankton Snail Pickerel Diving beetle Trout Hydra Crayfish Snail Benthic crustaceans

Zones of a Marine Ecosystem Section 4-4 land Photic zone 200m Coastal ocean 1000m Open ocean 4000m Aphotic zone 6000m Ocean trench 10,000m Continental shelf Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain

Competition and Succession Disrupted Invasive Species Competition and Succession Disrupted

Introduction Species that evolved in the ecosystems in which they are found are referred to as NATIVE SPECIES. When a species that evolved somewhere else is brought into another ecosystem, it is referred to as an INTRODUCED SPECIES. When an introduced species does so well in its new environment that it threatens the ecological balance of one or more native species it is referred to as an INVASIVE SPECIES.

Native Species of Plants and Animals in Pennsylvania http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/flowers/images/mountain_laurel.jpg http://www.whitetailbsa.org/whitetail.jpg http://projects.juniata.edu/currents/kids/Brooktrout.jpg

Introduced Species of Plants and Animals in Pennsylvania http://www.fish.state.pa.us/pafish/raintrtm.jpg http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/senior/fruits/images/ large/walnutenglishtree.jpg http://ohric.ucdavis.edu/photos/fullsize/Japanese-maple.jpg

Invasive Species of Plants and Animals in Pennsylvania http://wihort.uwex.edu/Phenology/GypsyMoth.html http://www.forestry.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/DB6C6A0E-9E0D-4014-94FE-26B82E991890/0/PurpleLoosestrife2.jpg http://plainfieldtrees.blogspot.com/2007/08/ailanthus-altissima-tree-that-grows-in.html http://www.pgc.state.pa.us/pgc/lib/pgc/wildlife/feral_swine/hogs3_closeup.jpg

What’s the problem? Invasive Species Unfair competition Reduction in biodiversity. Altered secondary succession Harmful to local food webs. Hybridization Invasive species negatively impact half of all organisms listed on the federal endangered species list. Nationally invasive species cost the US $100 billion each year.

What can you do? Volunteer to help remove invasive species. Landscape with local plants Keep outdoor gear clean and sanitized. Support businesses that take steps to prevent the spread of invasive species.