Aim: How did the Protestant Reformation Change Western Europe? Do Now: Should you be able to buy your way into heaven? If yes, how much should it cost?

I The Church at the start of the Renaissance The Church sponsored many works of art and architecture during the Renaissance. Needing money, corruption became more common. Priests sold indulgences (pardons for sins that guaranteed entry to heaven). Get out of Hell Free!

The Church at the start of the Renaissance Continued… C) In 1517 a German Priest, Johann Tetzel sold indulgences to anyone who gave money to the new Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. (He promised salvation for you and your dead relatives!) Cathedral of St. Peter, Rome

The Church at the start of the Renaissance Continued… D) Martin Luther, a German monk was outraged. He wrote the 95 Theses, a list of 95 reasons why the Church was corrupt. He posted the list on the door of Tetzel’s church. “Those who preach indulgences are in error when they say that a man is absolved and saved from every penalty by the pope's indulgences.” Martin Luther, 95 Theses Martin Luther

Do Not Confuse These Two Men! Martin Luther, 16th Century Martin Luther King Jr., 20th Century

III Martin Luther vs. the Church Thanks to Gutenberg's printing press, copies of the 95 Theses were printed and spread quickly across Europe. B) Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. However, Luther was able to gain followers due to protection from his local ruler, Frederick the Wise. C) By 1530 Luther’s followers called themselves “Protestants”, meaning they were protesting the Pope. "I would never have thought that such a storm would rise from Rome over one simple scrap of paper...” - Martin Luther

Martin Luther vs. the Church Continued… D) How did Luther’s beliefs differ from the Catholic Church? Catholic Church 16th century Martin Luther Salvation (entry to heaven) can only be reached by receiving the sacraments (sacred rituals) of the Church. Salvation can be reached through faith alone. Elaborate ceremonies. Elaborate ceremonies are NOT necessary. Clergy are necessary to help you understand the truth of the Bible. The Bible is the only source of truth, NOT the clergy. The Bible should only be written in Latin. The Bible should only be written in the vernacular (every day language) Clergy cannot marry. Clergy can marry and have children. Prayer to Saints. Prayer only to God or Jesus.

Martin Luther vs. the Church Continued… E) When Martin Luther realized that he could not reform the Catholic Church, he broke away from it, creating the Protestant (Lutheran) Church. Calvinists Protestant Reformation 1517 Anglicanism Baptists Anglicanism Catholic Church And many more! Eastern Orthodox Church (Byzantine) broke away 1064 Judaism

IV Consequences of the Reformation A) As the Protestant Reformation spread, new sects within Protestantism emerged, including Calvinism and Anglicanism. Calvinism Anglicanism Begun by John Calvin (1509 – 1564), a French Protestant. Begun by King Henry VIII (1491 – 1547) of England so he could end his marriage to his first wife. Belief in predestination (God has already chosen who will reach salvation). The British monarch is in charge of the Anglican Church. Fighting, dancing, and singing are sins. Some Anglican rituals were similar to Catholic ones (elaborate ceremonies).

Henry VIII

V The Counter Reformation A) The Catholic Church was afraid of the fast spread of Protestantism. They responded with the Counter Reformation; reforms of their own that were meant to bring Protestants back to the Catholic Church. The Counter Reformation included: Council of Trent (1545 – 1563): A meeting of Church officials. They decided to end the selling of indulgences, but to keep most Catholic traditions. They also created the Index of Forbidden Books; any book on the list (that went against the Church) would be burned.

Counter Reformation Continued… The Church increased the use of the inquisition (questioning, and then torturing suspected heretics). This led to increased anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) and witch hunts. 1540 the Church officially recognized the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), founded by Ignatius of Loyola. Their mission was to spread Catholicism worldwide.

Counter Reformation Continued… B) The Counter Reformation did not end the spread of Protestantism. The conflict between Protestants and the Catholic Church actually increased! The 30 Years War (1618 – 1648) was fought between Catholic and Protestants over who would rule the Holy Roman Empire (Germany). 7.5 million people died. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia, which guaranteed all rulers the right of sovereignty (the power to self-rule, and to decide the official religion of their land) C) Fleeing the religious conflict, many Protestants fled to the New World… including the Pilgrims!

HW Questions 1. How did the Renaissance lead to the Protestant Reformation? 2. Do you agree more with Martin Luther or the Catholic Church? Why? 3. Luther on the Jews: “"What shall we do with this damned rejected race of Jews since they live among us and we know about their lying and blasphemy and cursing... Perhaps we can spare a few of them from the fire and flames.” –from Concerning the Jews and their Lies Why do you think that Martin Luther felt this way about Jews? Should it change his place in history? Explain. 4. How did the Catholic Church respond to Protestantism? List 4 ways. 5. If you were the Catholic Church, how would you have responded to Protestantism?

Key Vocabulary Protestant Reformation King Henry VIII Indulgences Predestination Tetzel Salvation Martin Luther Counter Reformation 95 Theses Council of Trent Pope Leo X Index of Forbidden Books Lutheranism Jesuits Calvinism Inquisition Anglicanism Anti-Semitism John Calvin