MONITORING Mr. Jan Prášek IPPC Agency

Monitoring Monitoring represents multi-level and multi-purpose information system which is a summary of technical equipment, programme equipment, data and service and which is meant for aimed gathering, archiving, maintenance, analysis and visualisation of information. On the basis of systematic monitoring, measurement and analysis of the current state of the monitored subject it is possible to predict its development. The measurement is a set of operations carried out with the purpose of determination of quantity and its result is gaining of individual data.

BREF on general monitoring principles Reference document (BREF) understands under monitoring systematic description of variants of chemical and physical characteristics of emissions, consumption, equivalent parameter or technical measures which are based on repeated measurements or observation with adequate frequency in line with documented and approved procedures and with the purpose of providing information. The main aim of the monitoring is a control of emission limits, optimisation of technological processes and increase of the quality of the management.

Why to monitor? Control of fulfilment of requirements of the IP (=integrated permit) Environmental reporting (IPR, EPER) Other reasons (improvement programmes, cartographic inputs, investment strategy, planning, emission trading etc.) Goals of monitoring must be precisely set Goals of monitoring must be comprehensive for interested parties Reporting must be precise from the formal, local, content and time point of view

Who monitors? Permitting authority (decision, assessment of the proposal from the operator, control of fulfilment of the conditions) Inspection bodies (CEI, RHO= Regional Hygiene Office) Operator (use of standard methods, certified and calibrated instruments, certified people, accredited laboratories) Third party (contract partner)

What and how is it possible to monitor? Monitored parameters depend on production processes, chemicals and raw materials used in the installations Estimation of the degree of risk (probability of exceeding ELV= emission limits value) Significance of consequences (potential damage to the environment) Monitoring of parameters for support of management of operations within the production process

Estimation of Risk (exceeding of ELV) Significance from the point of view: Detriment to the health Damage to the env. Economic impact Aspect: Number of sources contributing to the emissions Conditions of the stability of the process Flexibility of the production Operation regime Abilities of the installation to dispose emissions Ability of the operator to react on a possible accident Age of the installation Burdens (dangerous substances, concentration etc.) Stability of the content of the emissions

Monitoring Regime Probability of non- fulfilment of standards or requirements high 2 4 low 1 3 small big significance of consequences of non-compliance with standards or requirements

Time Aspects of Monitoring Monitoring Results Depend on: Goals of monitoring Way and frequency of the measurement Requirements on context Units…(SI) Time Aspects of Monitoring Time of sampling (morning-evening, season) Period of measurement Frequency of measurement (technical possibilities, interpretation value)

Changes of Measured Parameters in Time Stable process Dose process Stable process with fluctuation Changeable process

Uncertainty Determination of uncertainty in advance Presentation of uncertainty together with the result

Requirements on Monitoring Legal and enforcement context Limited substance or parameter Place of sampling and measurement Time relation of sampling and measurement Fulfilment of limits with regards to possibilities of measurement Existing approaches for partial needs of monitoring Technical details of partial methods Organisation of monitoring Operation conditions under which the monitoring should be carried out Ways of counting and estimation Requirements on reports Requirements on inspections Measures for estimation and forwarding information about extraordinary emissions

Chain of Data Creation Measurement of flow or rate of flow Sampling Dealing with samples Sample analysis Proceeding of data Report on monitoring

Confirmation of Compliance Report on Monitoring Collection of data (plan, forms, details, technique, units) Management of data (transfers, databases, proceeding, archiving) Result presentation (scope, form, end user) Aarhus Convention Confirmation of Compliance With legal requirements (fulfill - not fulfill)

Diffusion and fugitive emissions Total Emissions Total emissions = = emission at the end-of-pipe + + diffusion and fugitive emissions + + extraordinary emissions Diffusion and fugitive emissions They are quantified via: Analogy with rectified emissions Estimation With the help of optical sensors With the help of substance (weigh) balances With the help of trace elements

Monitoring Costs Optimisation of number of parameters and frequency of measurement Optimisation of requirements on the quality Optimisation of requirements on the technical provisions Optimisation of requirements on additional studies

Ways of data gathering for monitoring needs Direct measurement (continual and dis-continual) Determination of supplementary parameters Determination of mass and substance balances Calculation Determination of emission factors

Statistics Emission Monitoring Mathematical methods Evaluation: From the purpose point of view Aspects of subject, place and time Emission Monitoring Air Soil Underground water Surface water Waste water Waste

Permitting process The most frequent complications: Confusion of terms „measurement“ and „monitoring“ Collection of worthless data („fulfilment of conditions“) Missing relation between partial data (pH-temperature, pollution-rate of flow) Maximising requirement (amount of gathered data in relation to the nature of problem solved) No determination or unclear determination of measurement methods and ways of evaluation

Conclusion „There are three types of lies: lies, damnable lies and statistics.“ (H. Swoboda) jan.prasek@ceu.cz