Questions about Quiz? -Monday, Sept. 18th -We will still have a breakout session afterward (Friday also)!

Ethical Issues in Science IRSL – Fall 2017 Sept. 13, 2017

How would you define ethics and ethical behavior?

How to define “ethics” “…ethics are norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior…one may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues…” Tom Resnik What is Research Ethics?

When in the scientific process do you think about ethics? Planning, apply ethics during all stages of the science. First what is the cost/benefit. Does it harm you or something or someone?

Misconduct in Science Fraud Plagiarism Questionable research practices Research with human and animal subjects Focusing on research ethics, not bioethics

Fraud Extreme examples! Smaller-scale fraud is much harder to detect. Fabrication- make up information used to justify a result or making up the result itself Falsification- data or results are changed inappropriately Ex: deleting data which do not support expected results Examples Dong Pyong Han (researcher at Iowa State) spiked rabbit blood with human antibodies to fake HIV vaccine results Sentenced to 4.5 yrs. in prison Fabrication or falsification? Anesthesiologist Yoshitaka Fujii fabricated data in 172 papers Set the record in 2010 for the most publications up for retraction by a single author! Lee, p. 80

Plagiarism Example Use of someone else’s words or ideas without giving proper credit (Lee, p. 92). Paraphrasing still needs to be cited if not your original idea When in doubt…err on the side of caution and cite work Dr. Imam, Associate Professor at USC copied almost all of grant application on human DNA telomerase enzyme given to him in confidence as a peer reviewer for a state agency. He sent it to NIH as his own grant proposal Plot twist: original applicant was the peer reviewer on the new proposal! What about self-plagiarism?

Campbell University Student Handbook: Academic Conduct Members of the University community should be “honest in all behavior.” Students are expected to uphold the high standards set forth above in all of their academic pursuits. Misconduct includes: e) Allowing one’s work to be presented as the work of someone else g) Using the words, ideas, or information of another source directly without properly acknowledging that source. i) Submitting the same work for multiple classes without the knowledge and permission of all involved faculty k) Concealing, removing, or destroying materials intended for the use of others n) Forging, falsifying, or fraudulently using university documents q) Failing to report instances of academic misconduct to appropriate officials

Questionable Research Practices: Failing to retain significant research data for a reasonable period. Maintaining inadequate research records. Using inappropriate statistical or other methods of measurement to enhance the significance of research findings. Refusing to give peers reasonable access to unique research materials or data that support published papers Data and Materials Lee, p. 93-95

Questionable Research Practices: Content Misrepresenting speculations as fact or releasing preliminary research, without providing sufficient data. Selective reporting of research. Publish the same study in more than one journal self-plagiarism Publications Authorship Should include those who contributed significantly to research design and conduct of the experiments, analysis and interpretation of the data and or writing of the paper Acknowledgements Lee, p. 96, 98

Questionable Research Practices: Inadequately supervising research subordinates or exploiting them. Harming another scientist’s research to stop or slow the competitor. Conflict of interest: researcher biased by benefiting financially or gaining proprietary information (peer review). People Lee, p. 90-92

Questionable Research Practices- Example Forbes estimated her net worth at $4.5 billion  $0 Why? By-passed peer-review journals and conferences Complete secrecy in lab (no outsiders) Poor (fabricated/falsified) documentation and oversight within lab Intimidated whistleblowers within company Only ran 1 test using nanotainers, used traditional method for all others (FDA ruled they were unapproved medical devices) Sent blood work to other labs Extreme differences in blood work Had to void two years of lab results (that were sent to customers!) Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos CEO https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiNFXcI9Rb8 Read more: https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/10/13/the-rise-and-fall-of-theranos-a-cartoon-history/

What types of research require ethical approval? Humans or animals (including collection of their tissues) Access to personal information

Human and Animal Subjects Benefit of research must be weighted against potential for temporary pain and discomfort (and the possibility for permanent injury) IRB (Institutional Review Board) HUMANS- require INFORMED CONSENT IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) ANIMALS- require training, veterinary oversight, inspections, record review IRB can also be known as the IEC independent ethics committee or ethical review board ERB I am going to test how a particular type of treatment kills bacteria – my goal is to kill bacteria. Ethical?

Homework for Monday: Study for quiz Continue searching for articles and improving your topic title