What is all this fuss about? “Cells” What is all this fuss about? 22 Clicker Questions….. Get Ready!

How did cells get their name? Cell Discovery How did cells get their name? Robert Hooke Made a simple microscope Looked at a piece of cork under his microscope Looked like little chambers in a monastery The monks lived in chambers called cells Hooke called the chambers in the cork “cells”

What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law? Scientific Method What is the difference between a hypothesis, theory, and a law? Hypothesis: This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved. Most hypotheses can be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation. Theory: A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. One scientist cannot create a theory; he can only create a hypothesis. (Example: Theory of Relativity…pertains to gravity, time, & space) Law: In general, both a scientific theory and a scientific law are accepted to be true by the scientific community as a whole. But law describes a single action where a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena. (Example: Law of Gravity…pertains to gravity alone)

Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms. 3. Cells arise only from previous existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells.

Who gave cells their name? Clicker Question #1 Who gave cells their name? Charles Darwin Robert Hooke Albert Einstein Gregory Mendel

Which of the following best describes a theory? Clicker Question #2 Which of the following best describes a theory? It is an idea It is a statement based on an observation It describes a single action in science and is accepted by all scientists It is a scientifically accepted explanation based on a hypothesis that had been proven by many scientists

Clicker Question #3 Which of the following statements is supported by the Cell Theory to identify if an amoeba is composed of a cell? Amoebas have the ability to split to create another genetically identical amoeba. Amoebas can move and hunt for food. Amoebas need oxygen. Amoebas must eat.

Nucleus What is a nucleus? A distinct central organelle that contains the cell’s genetic information in the form of DNA. Controls all of the cell’s activities

Pro has NO nucleus Basic Cell Types What are the two basic types of cells? 1. Prokaryotes: Cells do NOT have a nucleus or organelles. Example: ALL Bacteria…E. coli, Strep, & Salmonella How to Remember “Trick”… Pro has NO nucleus

Prokaryotes Pro has NO nucleus Has NO Nucleus Has Nucleoid (like a nucleus…but not a real one) Has NO organelles REMEMBER…. Pro has NO nucleus

Eu has TRUE nucleus Basic Cell Types What are the two basic types of cells? 2. Eukaryotes: Cells HAVE a nucleus and organelles. Examples: Plants, animals, fungus…All other cells How to Remember “Trick”… Eu has TRUE nucleus

Eukaryotes REMEMBER…. Eu has TRUE nucleus Has a true/real Nucleus Has many different organelles REMEMBER…. Eu has TRUE nucleus

If a cell has a nucleus, it is considered a(n): Clicker Question #4 If a cell has a nucleus, it is considered a(n): Prokaryote Eukaryote Plant Animal

If a cell does NOT have a nucleus, it is considered a(n): Clicker Question #5 If a cell does NOT have a nucleus, it is considered a(n): Prokaryote Eukaryote Plant Animal

Which of the following is an example of an eukaryote? Clicker Question #6 Which of the following is an example of an eukaryote? a Virus Staphylococcus a sunflower HIV

Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote? Clicker Question #7 Which of the following is an example of a prokaryote? mushrooms E. coli an oak tree humans

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Cytoskeleton Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes

Cytoskeleton Defined: Supporting network of protein fibers that provide a framework for the cell within the cytoplasm Function: Aids in cell & organelle movement & support 2 substructures: Mircotubules & Microfilaments

Endoplasmic Reticulum Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Microfilaments & Microtubules Supporting network Cytoskeleton Plants & Animals Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes

Can be found attached to E.R. or free in the cell Ribosomes Defined: Simple cell organelle that helps manufacture proteins. Function: Synthesize/make proteins Can be found attached to E.R. or free in the cell Turn volume down

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Microfilaments & Microtubules Supporting network Cytoskeleton Plants & Animals Make proteins Free & attached Ribosomes Plants & Animals Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Defined: Highly folded membrane system in eukaryotic cells that is the site for protein and lipid synthesis. Function: When rough (ribosomes), proteins are made here & transports

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Microfilaments & Microtubules Supporting network Cytoskeleton Plants & Animals Make proteins Free & attached Ribosomes Plants & Animals Transport system Rough ER (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER (No ribosomes attached) Endoplasmic Reticulum Plants & Animals Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus Defined: Flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles and transports them to another organelle or out of the cell. Function: Modifies and packages proteins

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Microfilaments & Microtubules Supporting network Cytoskeleton Plants & Animals Make proteins Free & attached Ribosomes Plants & Animals Transport system Rough ER (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER (No ribosomes attached) Endoplasmic Reticulum Plants & Animals Modifies & packages proteins Golgi Apparatus Create lysosomes Plants & Animals Lysosomes

Lysosomes Defined: Vesicle that uses enzymes to digest excess or worn-out cellular substances. Function: Digests

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Microfilaments & Microtubules Supporting network Cytoskeleton Plants & Animals Make proteins Free & attached Ribosomes Plants & Animals Transport system Rough ER (ribosomes attached) Smooth ER (No ribosomes attached) Endoplasmic Reticulum Plants & Animals Modifies & packages proteins Golgi Apparatus Create lysosomes Plants & Animals Digests food & dead organelles Filled with enzymes Lysosomes Plants & Animals

This organelle is composed of microfilaments and micotubules: Clicker Question #8 This organelle is composed of microfilaments and micotubules: Lysosome Ribosome Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum

This organelle synthesizes proteins: Clicker Question #9 This organelle synthesizes proteins: Lysosome Ribosome Cytoskeleton Endoplasmic reticulum

This organelle modifies proteins: Clicker Question #10 This organelle modifies proteins: Lysosome Ribosome Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum

This organelle is filled with enzymes for digestion purposes: Clicker Question #11 This organelle is filled with enzymes for digestion purposes: Lysosome Ribosome Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria Defined: Membrane-bound organelle that converts fuel into energy that is available to the rest of the cell. Function: Converts food into energy = Cellular respiration

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Powerhouse Mitochondria Plants & Animals Chloroplast Cell Wall

Chloroplast Defined: Double-membrane organelle that captures light energy & converts it to chemical energy (glucose) through photosynthesis. Function: Coverts light, H2O, & CO2 into food = Photosynthesis

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Powerhouse Mitochondria Plants & Animals Plants ONLY Makes food from sunlight Chloroplast Photosynthesis Cell Wall

Cell Wall Fungi Organism Plants Bacteria Chitin Cellulose Defined: In plants, the rigid barrier that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane, is made of cellulose, and provides support & protection to the cell. Function: In plants, bacteria, & fungi provides support Organism Cell Wall is made of: Plants Cellulose Bacteria Peptidoglycan Fungi Chitin

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Powerhouse Mitochondria Plants & Animals Plants ONLY Makes food from sunlight Chloroplast Photosynthesis Supports & protects NOT found in animals! Plants Bacteria Fungus Cell Wall

Vacuole Defined: Membrane-bound vesicle for temporary storage of materials such as food, water, enzymes, and wastes. Function: Storage

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Powerhouse Mitochondria Plants & Animals Plants ONLY Makes food from sunlight Chloroplast Photosynthesis Supports & protects NOT found in animals! Plants Bacteria Fungus Cell Wall Very large in plants Stores water, food, & waste Plants & Animals

Cilia & Flagella Cilia: Hair-like projections that functions in cell movement Flagella: Long tail-like projection with a whip-like motion that helps a cell swim. Flagella

Cell Organelles Function More Info Location Vacuole Cilia & Flagella Converts food into energy Cellular Respiration Powerhouse Mitochondria Plants & Animals Plants ONLY Makes food from sunlight Chloroplast Photosynthesis Supports & protects NOT found in animals! Plants Bacteria Fungus Cell Wall Very large in plants Stores water, food, & waste Plants & Animals Aids in swimming Cilia (many hairlike) Flagella (whip like) Plants & Animals

These are hair-like and aid cells in swimming/locomotion: Clicker Question #12 These are hair-like and aid cells in swimming/locomotion: Cilia Flagella Flagellum Tails

Photosynthesis occurs here: Clicker Question #13 Photosynthesis occurs here: Chloroplast Mitochondria Cell Wall Vacuole

These two organelles are NOT found in animal cells: Clicker Question #14 These two organelles are NOT found in animal cells: Chloroplast & Mitochondria Cilia & Vacuoles Cell Wall & Chloroplast Mitochondria & Vacuoles

Clicker Question #15 These are very large in plants and provides support when filled with water: Chloroplast Mitochondria Cell Wall Vacuole

Which of the following has a cell wall? Clicker Question #16 Which of the following has a cell wall? Mushroom Sunflower E. coli All of the above

Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms. Endo- means inside -symbiotic means relationship

Endosymbiotic Theory Prokaryotes entered ancestral eukaryotes Prokaryotes did NOT act as a parasite by infecting the host (eukaryote) Eukaryotes did NOT digest the prokaryotes Instead, the smaller prokaryotes began LIVING inside the larger cell – giving rise to eukaryotes

Click Here For Animation Tutorial Endosymbiotic Theory 1st - Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have DNA similar to bacterial DNA. 2nd – Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have ribosomes whose size & structure resembles those of bacteria. 3rd – Like bacteria, Mitochondria & Chloroplasts reproduce by binary fission when the cells containing them divide by mitosis. Click Here For Animation Tutorial

Which of the following summarizes the Endosymbiotic Theory? Clicker Question #17 Which of the following summarizes the Endosymbiotic Theory? Mitochondria & chloroplasts in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes Ribosomes & lysosomes in eukaryotes were once prokaryotes Mitochondria & chloroplasts are now found inside prokaryotes None of the above

Which of the following are true? Clicker Question #18 Which of the following are true? Mitochondria has DNA similar to prokaryotes Ribosomes in eukaryotes are similar to prokaryotes When mitochondria create more of themselves, they divide similar to how prokaryotes divide All of the above

Viruses Virus comes from the Latin word for “poison” Virus are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can reproduce only by infecting living cells. Viruses are so small that they can only be seen using an electron microscope. Flu Virus Ebola Virus AIDS Virus Bacteriaphage

Viruses Viruses have NO organelles! A typical virus is composed of a core of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. Common Cold Virus Small Pox Virus Polio Virus Herpes Virus

Viruses A virus’s outer protein coat is called its capsid. A capsid is an outer protein coat that enables a virus to enter a host cell. The capsid binds to the surface of a cell and “tricks” the cell into allowing it inside.

Viruses Once inside the cell, the viral genes take over. The cell transcribes (reads and copies) the viral genes, putting the genetic program of the virus into effect. And often times the virus destroys the host cell

Click here to compare size! Viruses Vaccine: A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, upon injection, stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection (sickness). A world wide vaccination program was able to eliminate smallpox! Antibiotics NEVER cure viral infections!!...ONLY Bacteria Click here to compare size! Small pox

Viruses Video

Compare & Contrast Cells & Viruses Bacteria (cells) Both Must have host to reproduce Reproduces on their own DNA or RNA Has organelles Has NO organelles Cause disease Large in size Extremely small in size Cell wall for protection Capsid for protection Can be cured with antibiotic Does not respond to antibiotic

Which of the following statements is true about viruses? Clicker Question #19 Which of the following statements is true about viruses? Viruses do not have DNA Viruses must have a host to reproduce Antibiotics kill viruses Viruses have organelles

Which of the following is the smallest? Clicker Question #20 Which of the following is the smallest? White blood cell Pollen Bacteria Virus

Which of the following do viruses NOT have? Clicker Question #21 Which of the following do viruses NOT have? Organelles Capsid Genetic material They have all of the above

DNA is located here: Clicker Question #22 Chloroplast Nucleus Lysosomes Vacuoles

The End

Answers 1. B 6. C 11. A 16. D 2. D 7. B 12. A 17. A 3. A 8. C 13. C 18. D 4. B 9. B 14. D 19. B 5. A 10. C 15. B 20. D 21. A 22. B