Renaissance & Reformation Key Information

Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth” Started in Florence, Italy. Why? Medici Family Ancient Rome, geography, ports designed for trade (imports/exports) Scholasticism vs. Humanism Religion based vs. logic/life experience Focus on life now, not just life after death Major changes to art, science and literature

Art Still religious themes in art but not main focus 3-D perspective – pg 36 Focus on human body, movement & expression Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

Da Vinci Mona Lisa Last Supper

Michelangelo Pieta Statue of David Sistine Chapel ceiling

Raphael School of Athens

Scientific Revolution Returned to ancient Greek and Roman scientific approaches Plato, Aristotle, Socrates – focus on reason, not just religion Scientific Method Relied on observation and experimentation not just religious theory Newton Theory of gravity Galileo Invented telescope Copernicus Heliocentric theory – earth & other planets revolve around the sun

Literature Shakespeare – English playwright Castiglione – “The Book of Courtier” - How to be successful guide (manners, virtues, etc.) different for men and women Machiavelli – “The Prince” – How to be a successful ruler guide. (end justifies the means, being feared vs. loved) THE PRINTING PRESS by Johann Gutenberg Books were now cheaper, easier to get More people learned to read  more knowledge (science, law, medicine, agriculture, mining) Led to more questioning of religious doctrines/leaders

PROTESTant Reformation What caused the Reformation? Martin Luther was fed up with some Church practices Sale of indulgences, corruption (lavish lifestyles, ceremony fees) Posted 95 Theses on the doors of a local church Luther summoned to “Diet of Worms” and told to recant. He refused and was excommunicated. Protestantism Starts after Luther’s excommunication  believed Bible is the sole source, religious leaders do not have special powers and salvation achieved through faith not money or only good deeds (remember the Crusades?) Diet = meeting Worms is place where meeting was held

Reformation Some Kings supported the reformation because it took power away from their competition, the Church. John Calvin Similar ideas as Luther. Preached predestination, women’s “rights” Henry VIII Wanted an heir (a son), asked Pope to annul his marriage. Pope refused Henry took over rule of the English church, back n forth over the years between him and his kids over whether England would be Protestant or Catholic.

Terms we forgot Peace of Augsburg German peasants rebelled against the church and against oppression. Eventually the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Princes could determine which religion would be followed in their lands. (North=P, South=Catholic) Edict of Nantes Granted freedom of religion and equality for Huguenots (Protestants) in France.

Catholic REFORMation Council of Trent (1545) Called catholic leaders together to figure out how to maintain the church’s power and stop the spread of Protestantism. Positions stayed the same, but forbid corruption and imposed penalties Inquisition Church courts using torture and executions to stop heresy Books banned