FORMING LATIN VERB TENSES How to turn any* Latin verb into any tense. * Any regular verb; these are irregular in the present, imperfect and future: sum, possum, volo, nolo, eo, fero

INFINITIVES amo, teneo, peto, capio, audio, amAre >> stem ends in –A tenEre >> stem ends in -E petere >> stem ends in –t* capere >> stem ends in –i audIre >> stem ends in -I N.B. When you remove the –re infinitive ending from a 3rd CONJUGATION VERB, the short “e” also falls off (It’s too weak to hang on) For present tense, you squeeze in the letter –i- to attach endings ,-s,-t,-mus,-tis; -u- before –nt -io verbs like facio, capio, fugio, already come with that –i-

MAKE THE PRESENT TENSE add person endings to the stem amo amas amat amamus amatis amant peto petis petit petimus petitis petunt teneo tenes tenet tenemus tenetis tenent audio audis audit audimus auditis audiunt

MAKE THE IMPERFECT TENSE add –ba-+endings to the stem for 3rd and 4th conj, “glue in” the –ba- with an “–e’” amabam amabas amabat amabamus amabatis amabant tenebam tenebas tenebat tenebamus tenebatis tenebant audiebam audiebas audiebat audiebamus audiebatis audiebant petebam petebas petebat petebamus petebatis petebant

MAKE THE FUTURE TENSE #1-2 add –bi*-+endings to the stem amabo amabis amabit amabimus amabitis amabunt tenebo tenebis tenebit tenebimus tenebitis tenebunt *notice how the –bi- changes to –bo in 1st sg, and to –bu in 3rd pl

MAKE THE FUTURE TENSE #3-4 add –a/e+endings to the stem audiam audies audiet audiemus audietis audient petam petes petet petemus petetis petent capiam capies capiet capiemus capietis capient

3 PERFECT TENSES use a PERFECT STEM FROM THE 3RD PRINCIPAL PART amavi = I have loved tenui = I have held petivi= I have sought cepi = I have taken audivi= I have heard amo, amare teneo, tenere peto, petere capio, capere audio, audire

MAKE THE PERFECT TENSE add PERFECT person endings to the stem cepi cepisti cepit cepimus cepistis ceperunt audivi audivisti audivit audivimus audivistis audiverunt amavi amavisti amavit amavimus amavistis amaverunt tenui tenuisti tenuit tenuimus tenuistis tenuerunt

PERFECT ENDINGS again i isti it imus istis erunt tenui tenuisti tenuit tenuimus tenuistis tenuerunt cepi cepisti cepit cepimus cepistis ceperunt audivi audivisti audivit audivimus audivistis audiverunt

These PERFECT ENDINGS are used only on the PERFECT TENSE Compare them to the normal personal endings used on other tenses -o -s -t -mus -tis -nt -i -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt

MAKE THE PLUPERFECT TENSE add -era-+ normal endings to the PERFECT stem amaveram amaveras amaverat amaveramus amaveratis amaverant tenueram tenueras tenuerat tenueramus tenueratis tenuerant ceperam ceperas ceperat ceperamus ceperatis ceperant audiveram audiveras audiverat audiveramus audiveratis audiverant Translate all forms into English with “HAD ……ED”

MAKE THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE add –eri-+ normal endings to the PERFECT stem amavero amaveris amaverit amaverimus amaveritis amaverint tenuero tenueris tenuerit tenuerimus tenueritis tenuerint cepero ceperis ceperit ceperimus ceperitis ceperint audivero audiveris audiverit audiverimus audiveritis audiverint N.B. –ero ending on 1st person singular; KEEP THE –ERINT for 3rd person pl, to distinguish it from the PERFECT -ERUNT

TRANSLATING THE PERFECT TENSES PERFECT: I loved, I HAVE loved; he loved, he HAS loved PLUPERFECT: I HAD loved ---all forms need the word “HAD” FUTURE PERFECT: I WILL HAVE loved– all forms need the words “WILL HAVE”

Lay-out of the 6 Tenses Always start with the principal parts to get the proper stems: amo, amare amavi PRES amo, amas, amat… PERFECT amavi, amavisti, amavit IMPEF amabam,amabas… PLUPERF amaveram, amaveras… FUTURE amabo, amabis,… FUT. PERF amavero, amaveris… First 3 tenses use the PRESENT STEM from the INFINITIVE Last 3 tenses use PERFECT STEM from the 3rd Principal part.