SSD 101: Motivational Quotes! Student Success Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Getting to Know You Activity! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 1 Getting Ready to Learn Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Successful Students Christine Harrington Ph.D. Strategic Learners Skill Will Self-regulation Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Self-Regulated Learning Planning- set goals and design action plan Monitoring- continually check progress and make adjustments Evaluation- judge your work Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Keep Looking At Yourself!!! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Motivation- something that energizes, directs, and sustains behaviors toward goals. Why are you here? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Differentiating Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation Internally motivating Enjoyable Rewarding Not connected to “reward” Externally motivating Engage in the behavior because you enjoy the rewards that follow Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization Esteem Love and Belonging Safety Physiological Needs swr.dk Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Believe in your ability to complete tasks! Self-efficacy Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Increasing Motivation Set challenging realistic goals Find the value! Positive attitude Focus on your success Be active learner Break tasks down Monitor learning View mistakes as learning opportunities Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Increase your level of interaction Go to p. 18 Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Learning Styles Learning Styles Inventory p. 20 Auditory Kinesthetic Visual Learning Styles Inventory p. 20 Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Balance all of your Priorities! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

What is Plagiarism? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

How to Avoid Plagiarism Cite Sources Appropriately Use quotation marks and citation when using someone else’s words Use MLA or APA style for in-text citations and reference page- this is true for paraphrasing too! Paraphrase Before writing, close the book, website, or other material you are using Use your own words Avoid using a string of 3 or more words from someone else in a row Christine Harrington Ph.D.

What are the consequences for cheating (external and internal)? What is cheating? What are the consequences for cheating (external and internal)? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Plagiarism and Cheating Websites Plagiarism Video and the Cite is Right Game (Rutgers University) Defining Plagiarism (Purdue University) Tips to Avoid Cheating and Plagiarism (California State University) Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Citation Websites KnightCite Citation: General Citation Assistance Modern Language Association (MLA) American Psychological Association (APA) MLA Website and Manual Information Purdue University APA Website and Manual Information Purdue University KnightCite Citation: General Citation Assistance Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Taking Care of Yourself! Stress Management Decision Making Support Relaxation Time management Define problem Explore options Evaluate options and make plan Take action Evaluate Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Getting to Know Middlesex County College Counseling and Career Services Tutoring Library Academic Advising Financial Aid Professors On-line scavenger hunt! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Why are some students successful and others are not? Ability Accessing help Motivation Good Decision Making Time Management Goal Setting Resilient Factors Study Strategies Note-Taking Test- Taking Why are some students successful and others are not? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

College Website and College Catalog Scavenger Hunt Campus Resources Publications College Website College Catalog Time for Action: College Website and College Catalog Scavenger Hunt Christine Harrington Ph.D.

College Catalog Scavenger Hunt How many credits do you need in order to graduate? Choose a business major that is offered at your college. If you selected this major, how many math courses would you need to take? What is the course description for Introductory Psychology? How will Introductory Psychology “count” toward graduation? What is the college policy on plagiarism and cheating? What is the refund and withdrawal policy? What grade point average do you need to remain in good academic standing? What grade point average and how many credits do you need to be eligible for the Dean’s List? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

College Website Scavenger Hunt Who is the President of your College? How many majors are offered at your college? Where is your Academic Dean located? What type of tutoring is available? How can you access it? Does your college offer advising and counseling help? If so, where can you go for this assistance? When does registration for next semester begin? What is the last day of classes? What sports, clubs, and other organizations can you participate in? What are the hours of the library? How can you access library materials? Where can you access computer labs on campus? If you are residing in a residence hall, who can you go to if you need help or assistance? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Video Clip: 7 habits of highly effective people (Covey) Chapter 2 Goal Setting Video Clip: 7 habits of highly effective people (Covey) Christine Harrington Ph.D.

What are your goals? Activity Time! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Characteristics of Goals Moderately challenging Realistic Measurable Specific Finite Positive ) Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Writing Effective Goals What do you want to accomplish? What are the potential obstacles? What resources are available? Review and revise! Polish your statement! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 3 Time management Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Let’s Begin at MCC! SSD Students (n = 38) Spring 2009 Completed Academic Behaviors Survey Correlations between behaviors and Term GPA Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Academic Behaviors Survey I have ATTENDED my classes regularly. I have READ my textbook. I used SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS provided with the text (CD ROM or website). I have taken NOTES effectively in class. I REVIEWED my notes regularly. I ORGANIZED my notes and made connections between concepts when studying. When studying, I TESTED my knowledge through quizzes that came with the book or that I made up myself. I asked my PROFESSOR questions via e-mail. I went to SEE my professor in his or her office. I MANAGED my TIME well. I spent a lot of TIME STUDYING. I BELIEVE in my ability to succeed in college. I went for TUTORING. I went to see a COUNSELOR for support. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

What do you think??? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

The Results!!! Academic Behavior Correlation with SP 09 GPA .56** .54** .38* .37* ** p< .01 * P < .05 Christine Harrington Ph.D.

The Results!!! Academic Behavior Correlation with SP 09 GPA 10. I managed my time well. .56** 1. I have attended my classes regularly. .54** 11. I spent a lot of time studying. .38* 12. I believe in my ability to succeed. 6. I organized my notes and made connections between concepts when studying. .37* ** p< .01 * P < .05 Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Analyze Your Time! Activity: Write down how you spend your time for a one week period Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Looking at your schedule Activity Time! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Study Time Factors to consider: Number of courses Difficulty level of courses Goals How long assignments and reading take you Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Organizing Your Time Assignment Calendar or Planner To Do Lists Daily Monthly Semester Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Prioritizing your time! Rocks = Important; Must Do Pebbles = Semi-important; Should Do Sand = Fun; Want to Do! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Study Time! Becoming a Pro at Procrastinating! Use all available time- between classes, etc. Study in chunks of time and take breaks Do difficult work first and switch subjects Break tasks down and reward yourself! Becoming a Pro at Procrastinating! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Avoid Procrastination! Just do it! Start with easy part Be sure goals are realistic Break it down into manageable chunks Seek support Be positive Reward yourself Video Clip- Staley Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Time Management Tips Christine Harrington Ph.D.

What is a Peer- Reviewed Journal Article? Scholarly publications Mostly research Before being published, work is reviewed by numerous peers through anonymous process Must add to current knowledge in field Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Where do I find peer reviewed journal articles? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Finding an article: Go to www.middlesexcc.edu Click on library (located at the bottom of the webpage) Click on Magazines, journals and newspapers (If doing this from home, you will need to enter ID and password) Go to PSYCHINFO database (you can use others like Academic Search Premiere or ERIC if you prefer) Click the box that says peer reviewed journal articles If looking for research experiment, click Empirical under the Methodology box Enter search terms on the top Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Components Why was this study conducted? INTRODUCTION METHOD Why was this study conducted? What is the research question or hypothesis? Who were the subjects/participants? What was the independent and dependent variables? What method was used to answer the research question? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Components What were the results? Graphs and charts may be used DISCUSSION AND APPLICATION What were the results?  Graphs and charts may be used What can we do with the results of this finding? How does it add to our current knowledge? What are the limitations of this study? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Let’s look at an example Gurung, R. A. R. (2005). How do students really study (and does it matter)? Teaching of Psychology, 32(4), 239 -241. Let’s look at an example Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Introduction Why was this study conducted? Hypothesis: Literature not focused on how students actually study Conflicting findings in the literature about which studying techniques are most effective Study techniques that used elaboration and meta-cognition would be related to higher exam scores. Behaviors that reduced elaboration such as listening to music would be related to lower exam scores. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Method 229 students taking Introductory Psychology course Participants Procedure Questionnaire administered after exam that asked about: Study method (11 types) Distractions Confidence with material Total hours studying and frequency of studying 229 students taking Introductory Psychology course Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Controlled for Student Ability ACT SCORES Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Results Memorized notes Made up examples Read the book Positively Correlated with Exam Scores Negatively Correlated with Exam Scores Memorized notes Made up examples Read the book Read their notes Used mnemonics Tested knowledge Music Television E-mail Friends Missing class Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Discussion/So What Factor! Knowing what works with studying is important to students! Most effective techniques are not always the most used techniques. By using different strategies, you can maximize your time! How you study may be more important than how much you study! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Understanding memory processes Chapter 4 Understanding memory processes Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Memory Process: Computer Analogy Encoding “Getting it in” Enter data in keyboard Storage “Keeping it in” Hitting Save Retrieval “Getting it out” Open file Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Christine Harrington Ph.D. Encoding May be automatic or effortful Spaced study beats cramming- serial position effect Elaboration Visual Imagery CHUNKING and hierarchies Mneumonics Storage Sensory (fraction of second- allows information to get to next step) Short Term Memory (STM)- 20 seconds if not rehearsed, phonetically stored Long Term Memory(LTM) - forever, unlimited, stored by meaning Retrieval Recall Recognition Relearning Context cues Christine Harrington Ph.D.

ACTIVITY: NEED VOLUNTEER SHORT TERM MEMORY Maintenance rehearsal- pure repetition Elaborative rehearsal – link it to other memories, attach meaning Interference- prevents rehearsal Chunking- uses elaboration and maximizes STM storage Limited capacity- Miller’s 7 +/- 2 ACTIVITY: NEED VOLUNTEER Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Why do we forget? Never really knew it to begin with Do not fully understand the information Cramming- too much at once No retrieval cues built in Interference Anxiety Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Improving Memory Mneumonic Devices Rehearsal- many study sessions Visual imagery Short interval or spaced practice Chunk and organize material- attach meaning Test your knowledge! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 5 Taking lecture notes Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Why Take Notes? After knowing what you do about memory, you now know that writing it down is our only hope! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

How do you take lecture notes? Prepare Listen Do it Review them How do you take lecture notes? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Note-taking Read syllabus Read textbook Review previous notes Prepare Listen Read syllabus Read textbook Review previous notes Be ready! Avoid distractions Sit in front Consider main and supporting ideas Make connections Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Traditional Outline Main Heading Sub-heading Supporting details Examples Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Cornell Method Video Clip Topic Headings or Recall questions Notes Summary of Key Points Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Mind Maps Main Idea Supporting Ideas Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Edit Your Notes! Fill in the missing pieces Check for accuracy Add details and examples Organize Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Dickinson, D. J. , & O’Connell, D. Q. (1990). Effect of Dickinson, D.J., & O’Connell, D. Q. (1990). Effect of quality and quantity of study on student grades. Journal of Educational Research, 83 (4), 227- 231. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Introduction Hypothesis: Study time and strategies (time spent reading, reviewing and organizing) would be related to grades. Used a self-monitoring technique where participants tracked their study time and technique as they studied instead of trying to recall and reflect back on study practices. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

113 undergraduates taking a learning course (mostly juniors) Subjects 113 undergraduates taking a learning course (mostly juniors) 91 Females 22 Males Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Method Christine Harrington Ph.D. Trained in Operational Definitions Studied and Tracked Strategies Used Took Test Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Studying Defined: Reading Studying Reviewing- rereading underlined material, reading notes, reading headings, recalling information and definitions, repeating material Organizing- writing answers to objective, using your own words, finding a structure to the material, combining lecture and reading notes, figuring out meaning, associating material to material you already know, using mental images, summarizing in your own words Christine Harrington Ph.D.

_____________ WAS THE ONLY VARIABLE THAT WAS LINKED TO GRADES! Stepwise regression analysis was used; ____________ accounted for 18% of the variance, while ___________ and ___________ barely contributed. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

ORGANIZING WAS THE ONLY VARIABLE THAT WAS LINKED TO GRADES! Stepwise regression analysis was used; organizing accounted for 18% of the variance, while reading and reviewing barely contributed. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

More Results Average Number of Minutes per Week High Performers M (SD) Low Performers (n = 19) Organizing * 43.13 (32.72) 10.28 (9.02) Studying* 190.18 (66.76) 136.53 (47.43) Reading 90.79 (36.49) 80.10 (35.00) Reviewing 56.03 (30.05) 44.85 (24.98) *p < .01 Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Knight, L. J. , & McKelvie, S. J. (1986). Effects of Knight, L. J., & McKelvie, S. J. (1986). Effects of attendance, note-taking, and review on memory for a lecture: Encoding vs. external storage functions of notes. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 18(1), p. 52-61. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Groups ( n =144) Attended Lecture Took Notes Reviewed Notes Took Notes, Reviewed Own Notes Yes Yes- own Took Notes, No Review No Took Notes, Reviewed Lecture Notes Yes- lecturer notes Did Not Take Notes, No Review Did Not Take Notes, Reviewed Lecture Notes Did Not Attend, Reviewed Lecture Notes Did Not Attend Lecture; Did Not Review Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Key Findings: Students who reviewed lecturer notes performed the best! Students who took notes and reviewed them did better than those who did not review their notes Students who did not review their own notes did not do any better than students who did not take any notes Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Austin, J. L. , Lee, M. , & Carr, J. P. (2004). The effects Austin, J. L., Lee, M., & Carr, J. P. (2004). The effects of guided notes on undergraduate students’ recording of lecture content. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 31(4), 314 – 320.

Method 23 students in an applied psychology class took notes as usual and at end of term consented to participate in study where notes were shared Dependent Variables: Critical points- major and supporting points Examples- provided in class Extra points- supporting statements that were not critical points or examples

Experimental Conditions Traditional Lecture- presented material without slides or other note-taking supplement Slides- presented critical points on slides , revealed sequentially during the lecture Slides plus guided notes condition – similar to slides condition but students were also provided with a copy of the notes with some parts missing- students had to insert the missing phrases or sentences to get credit for critical point

Results: Critical Points Traditional: ___% Slides: ___% Guided Notes: 100% Examples Traditional: 13% Guided Notes: ___% Extra Points Traditional: 9 Slides: 7 Guided Notes: 29

Results: Critical Points Traditional: 62% Slides: 97% Guided Notes: 100% Examples Traditional: 13% Slides: 26% Guided Notes: 60% Extra Points Traditional: 9 Slides: 7 Guided Notes: 29

Improving concentration Chapter 6 Improving concentration Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Levels of Concentration Light Concentration- easily distracted Moderate Concentration- focused and not as easily distracted Deep Concentration- very focused Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Causes of Poor Concentration Lack of Motivation Lack of Interest Lack of Attention Internal and External Distractions Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Good Study Environment Avoid external distractions Sit in front of class Quiet study area- sit at desk or table Avoid multi-tasking- no phone or internet Talk with others about your need to study BE HERE NOW! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 7 Reading your textbook Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Reading Strategies Preview Chunk Link to prior knowledge Take notes to check comprehension Apply information Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Reading E-mails vs. Textbooks Reading Video Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Get in the Action: Are you Ready? The author is throwing information at you- are you prepared to catch it? Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Reading and Study System: Preview Read Actively Review Reading and Study System: P2R Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Reading and Study System Survey Question Read Recite Review Reading and Study System SQ3R Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Reading and Study System Survey Read Underline Note-taking Review Reading and Study System S-RUN-R Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 8 Marking your textbook Christine Harrington Ph.D.

How to Mark Your Text Highlight or underline? Make notes in the margin Goldilocks dilemma Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Organizing text information Chapter 9 Organizing text information Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Methods to Organize Text Notes Outline Note-cards Concept Maps Summaries Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 10 Preparing for exams Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Recipe for Confidence Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Preparing for Exams Start on Day One! Know What is Expected Spaced Practice Avoid Cramming! Chunk the Material Get Active! Test Your Knowledge Combine Lecture and Text Notes Flashcards Mneumonics Preparing for Exams Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Are You Ready? It’s your turn to throw! Tests and assignments are opportunities to score big when you show what you know- send your knowledge back to your professor! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Preparing for Presentations Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Get Ready for Show Time! Golden Rule: Practice, Practice, Practice! Tell them what you’re going to say Say it Tell them what you’ve just said Practice, Practice, Practice! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Power Point Tips Organizational tool- “Visually Chunk” Information Limit use of words Use pictures, charts and graphs Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Let’s Practice! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Taking objective exams Chapter 11 Taking objective exams Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Test Taking Test-taking Video Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Focus on your successes Preparation is key! Good breakfast Sleep well Exercise Positive self-talk Focus on your successes Relaxation techniques Managing Test Anxiety Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Test-taking Strategies Focus on directions first Budget your time Start with easy questions Look for clues Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Multiple Choice Tests Read the question first Anticipate answers Read all alternatives Eliminate choices Underline key words Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Check answer sheet against exam Check your work! Check answer sheet against exam Review difficult questions Before You Leave! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

McClain, L. (1983). Behavior during examinations: A comparison of “A”, “C”, and “F” students. Teaching of Psychology, 10(2), p. 69 – 71. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Method Christine Harrington Ph.D. 129 Students volunteered; 60 student selected based on prior exam scores (20 “A”; 20 “C” and 20 “F”) Took multiple choice exam individually and tape recorded thoughts while taking it 3. Incorrect alternatives eliminated 1. Number of alternatives read 4. Questions initially skipped 2. Anticipation of answer Five test taking behaviors: 5. Total score Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Results! Variables A C F Answers read per question* 3.66 (.63) 1.82 (.51) 1.48 (.60) Number of anticipated answers* 40.90 (9.54) 7.65 (4.84) 2.30 (3.50) Critiques of incorrect answers per question* 1.93 (.25) .20 (.19) .07(.12) Number of questions initially skipped* 5.40 (3.41) 1.25 (1.45) .40 (.82) *p<.001 Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Shatz, M. A. , and Best, J. B. (1987). Students’ Shatz, M.A., and Best, J. B. (1987). Students’ reasons for changing answers on objective tests. Teaching of Psychology, 14 (4), 241 - 242. Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Method Christine Harrington Ph.D. 65 Students in Intro Psychology Took Exam For any answers changed, students had to indicate why Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Results! Should I change my answer? It depends! DO Change Answers! When changing answers was NOT due to guessing, 72% of the answers were changed from wrong to right DON’T Change Answers! Guessing resulted in similar rates of wrong to right and right to wrong changes Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 12 Taking essay exams Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Essay Questions Christine Harrington Ph.D. Plan and Organize Address All Parts of the Question Read Directions Carefully Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Essay Exams and Your Grade Content Organization Format Mechanics Neatness Be sure to proofread! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 13 Succeeding on finals Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Exams are a chance for you to show off what you know! Practice all the strategies and you’ll be in great shape You Know What To Do!!! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

GPA and College Policies Term gpa Cumulative gpa Academic standing Deans list Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Chapter 14 Money management Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Budgeting Your Money! Rocks = Essentials (Rent, car payment, food) Pebbles = Semi-important (Computer; Cell phone?) Sand = Fun; Want to Do! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Creating a Budget Income Expenses Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Financial Aid Grants Loans Based on Financial Need Free money- no need to pay back Loans Interest rates low Subsidized (government pays interest while you’re in school) or unsubsidized (interest accumulates) No payments while in school Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Credit Cards Watch interest rates Pay off entire balance Being late = fees and bad credit Note: For $500 bill, if you pay the minimum of $10 per month ($120) and the interest rate is 17%, you will still owe $462.34 at the end of the year!!! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Emotional Spending: Avoid It! As Emotions Go Up…. Logic Goes Down!!! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

Start Saving for the Future! Christine Harrington Ph.D.

E-Learning On-Line Learning Is it for you? Reading/Writing E-mail Etiquette Learning Activities Integrity Issues Christine Harrington Ph.D.