Figure 5 SIV infection results in delayed epidermal nerve fiber regeneration following cutaneous axotomy. When compared to uninfected control macaques,

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Figure 5 SIV infection results in delayed epidermal nerve fiber regeneration following cutaneous axotomy. When compared to uninfected control macaques, ENF length was significantly lower in SIV-infected animals at days 14 (P = 0.01, Mann-Whitney test) and 70 post axotomy, indicative of delayed ENF regrowth at the axotomy site. Reprinted with permission from Ebenezer et al. (2012). From: Unraveling the Pathogenesis of HIV Peripheral Neuropathy: Insights from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Macaque Model ILAR J. 2014;54(3):296-303. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilt047 ILAR J | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 4 Epidermal nerve fiber density is reduced with SIV-infection Figure 4 Epidermal nerve fiber density is reduced with SIV-infection. PGP9.5 immunostained sections of footpad skin from an uninfected control (A) and SIV-infected macaques (B) showed marked decline in ENF density. Nerve fibers (red) are present in the epidermis (E) and dermis (D), with the dermal-epidermal junction traced in green. (C) Measurement of ENF density demonstrated reduced ENF density in SIV-infected macaques (triangles) compared to uninfected controls (circles), with significant decrease developing by eight weeks p.i., then declining further at the twelve week time point. (P < 0.001, analysis of variance). Reprinted with permission from Laast et al. 2011). From: Unraveling the Pathogenesis of HIV Peripheral Neuropathy: Insights from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Macaque Model ILAR J. 2014;54(3):296-303. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilt047 ILAR J | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 3 Decreased C-fiber conduction velocity in SIV-infected macaques strongly correlated with CD68 expression in the lumbar DRG. (A) Mean sural nerve C-fiber CV was significantly slower in SIV-animals evaluated at twelve weeks p.i. when compared to uninfected controls or SIV-infected animals evaluated at six or eight weeks p.i. (P = 0.003, analysis of variance). (B) Comparing the mean C-fiber CV of SIV-infected animals to corresponding levels of CD68 immunostaining in the lumbar DRG demonstrated a strong inverse correlation between slowing of CV in C-fibers and macrophage activation and infiltration in the DRG (P = 0.006, r = -0.97, Pearson correlation coefficient). Reprinted with permission from Laast et al. (2011). From: Unraveling the Pathogenesis of HIV Peripheral Neuropathy: Insights from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Macaque Model ILAR J. 2014;54(3):296-303. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilt047 ILAR J | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 2 Alterations in CD68 and GFAP immunostaining in the dorsal root ganglia during SIV infection. (A) Scatter plot depicting the amount of CD68 immunostaining in the DRG of uninfected control macaques (circles) and SIV-infected macaques (triangles) demonstrates a statistically significant increase in macrophage activation and infiltration in the DRG of SIV-infected animals by six weeks p.i. with sustained, elevated levels throughout the twelve week course of infection. (P = 0.008, analysis of variance). (B) GFAP immunostaining of satellite glial cells was similarly increased by six and eight weeks p.i., but declined to control animal levels by twelve weeks p.i. (P = 0.001, analysis of variance). ROI = region of interest. Reprinted with permission from Laast et al. (2011). From: Unraveling the Pathogenesis of HIV Peripheral Neuropathy: Insights from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Macaque Model ILAR J. 2014;54(3):296-303. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilt047 ILAR J | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Figure 1 Trigeminal ganglionitis (TG) in SIV-infected pigtailed macaques. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of trigeminal ganglia from an uninfected control macaque (A) and a SIV-infected macaque (B). TG showed evidence of neuronophagia, characterized by macrophages within the neuronal compartment of degenerate neurons (C), and nodules of Nageotte, with neuron cell bodies replaced by aggregates of satellite glial cells and macrophages (D). Sections of TG from control animals showed scattered CD68-immunopositive resident macrophages (E). The TG of SIV-infected animals had increased immunostaining for CD68, likely reflecting a combination of resident macrophage activation and infiltration of circulating macrophages (F). Similar changes were also observed in the DRG (not pictured). Scale bars = (A, B, E, F) 100 µm; (C, D) 50 µm. Reprinted with permission from Laast et al. (2007). From: Unraveling the Pathogenesis of HIV Peripheral Neuropathy: Insights from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Macaque Model ILAR J. 2014;54(3):296-303. doi:10.1093/ilar/ilt047 ILAR J | © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.