Learning goals: 1. Identify turning events in the last year of the war Learning goals: 1. Identify turning events in the last year of the war. 2. Analyze the outcomes of the war, specifically the impact of the Treaty of Versailles and its long term effects throughout the world.

Last year of the war 1917- Allies weakened by Russian Revolution Russia withdrew from war Main factor for Allied victory- U.S. entry into war U.S. gave psychological boost & fresh soldiers

Last year of the war A new German offensive: With Russians out, Germans launch full attack Germans stopped in Second Battle of Marne 1 million American troops in France Sep 29, 1918- German leaders declare loss

Last year of the war Collapse & Armistice Allies unwilling to make peace w/ imperial German gov’t Social Democrats –new democratic republic Nov. 11, 1918 gov’t signed a truce- to stop the fighting

Last year of the war Revolutionary Forces Revolutions cont. after the war German Communist Party crushed by Social Democrats Austria-Hungary revolutions Ethnic groups wanted independence By end of war no more Austro-Hungary Replaced by independent republics of Austria

Peace Settlements Wilson’s Proposal Wilson proposed his “Fourteen Points” to U.S. Congress Peace agreements openly Reducing military forces Right of people to have it’s own nation Creating Democratic govt’s

Peace Settlements Paris Peace Conference Complications: secret treaties done before the war (European nations wanted new territories)

Peace Settlements David Lloyd George- prime minister of Britain Wanted Germans to pay

Peace Settlements Georges Clemenceau- premier of France Wanted national security French suffered most from German aggression Wanted Germany to lose all weapons Germany to pay reparations (cover all costs of the war) Separate Rhineland (buffer state between France & Germany)

Peace Settlements Jan 1919, reps of 27 winning Allied nations met in Paris Make final settlements of WWI

Peace Settlements Germany not invited to conference Wilson- U.S. President Proposed a League of Nations (a world organization to prevent future wars) Conference accepted idea U.S. Senate denied agreement Result: weakened Versailles treaty

Peace Settlements Treaty of Versailles Peace settlement Consisted of five separate treaties Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey

Peace Settlements Treaty w/ Germany most important Article 231- Guilt Clause (declared Germany & Austria responsible for starting the war) Order Germans to pay reparations for all damage on Allied gov’ts Germany had to reduce its army Cut back navy Get rid of air force Alsace & Lorraine went to France

Peace Settlements Demilitarized zone in Rhineland This would serve as barrier from any future German attacks on France German gov’t unhappy w/ treaty Accepted- didn’t want to risk new war

Peace Settlements A New Map of Europe Europe was largely redrawn German & Russian empires lost much territory Austro-Hungary disappeared New nation-states appeared Romania had new lands

Peace Settlements Ottoman Empire was broken Allies had promised independence for Arab states At end of war, changed their mind France took Lebanon & Syria Britain took Iraq & Palestine Acquisitions called mandates: Nation officially governed another nation, but did not own territory

Peace Settlements War’s Legacy Death of almost 10 million people Power of gov’t over citizens increased Revolutions broke up old empires Creation of new states, new problems Hope the world would return to normal- not the case