Minerals
Minerals 2.2 Naturally occurring Solid Substance NBpg. 20 Slide 1 of 3 Minerals 2.2 What are all thing made of and how are they put together? Naturally occurring Solid Substance Orderly crystalline structure Definite chemical composition Generally considered inorganic 1.Crystallization from magma 2. Precipitation 3. Pressure and temperature 4. Hydrothermal solutions Definition of a mineral How Minerals Form -NATURALLY OCCURING- natural geologic processes, synthetic gems like synthetic diamonds and rubies are not considered to be minerals. (man made) -Solid substance-temperature ranges are natural to earth’s surface. -Crystalline structure- their atoms or ions are arranged in a orderly and repetitive manner. Ex: NaCl on pg. 41 -Chemical Composition-Most minerals are compounds except for some like gold and silver which only have 1 element (native form) -generally Inorganic- most minerals are inorganic crystalline solids found in nature ex: sugar has is a crystalline solid is not considered a mineral because it is organic (it has carbon) -Generally inorganic because there are some marine animals that will secrete inorganic compounds like calcium carbonate (calcite) and that is considered a mineral.
Feldspar, muscovite, quartz, hornblende Magma cools and the elements combine to form different minerals. The first ones to crystalize are usually rich in Fe, Ca, and Mg The magma composition changes and make minerals with Na, K, and Al. When water evaporates in rivers, lakes, ponds, oceans, and below the surface, there are dissolved substances and they can react and form minerals. Changes in water temp can also cause minerals to form. Pressure and temperature changes can change existing mineerals into other minerals. This happens with rock as well. Hydrothermal solutions (very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances) come in contact with existing minerals and chemical reations occurs that form new minerals.
Mono lake, located in central California close to the Nevada border in the sierra Nevada mountains. Close to Fresno. These are salt deposits and as the water level has dropped the evaporated substances reacted to form these mineral structures.
NBpg. 12 Slide 2 of 3 Minerals 2.2 Silicates: Silicon and oxygen combine to form a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron -Most common mineral on earth. 97% of all minerals. Mineral Groups EX: Quartz, Mica, Hornblende, Feldspar Also called rock-forming minerals The most abundant elements in the earth’s crust are oxygen and silicon. Most silicate minerals have 1 Si and 4 O except for quartz which has 1 Si and 2 O Si-O bonds are very strong and can form different ways
Silicates Top left-mica Middle left-hornblende Bottom left and middle purple -quartz
Minerals 2.2 Carbonates Oxides Mineral Groups: Sulfates and Sulfides NBpg. 12 Slide 3 of 3 Minerals 2.2 Mineral Groups: Carbonates Oxides Sulfates and Sulfides Halides Native Element Phospates description examples contain carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements. calcite; azurite contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals Magnetite; hematite Contain Sulfur Gypsum; Galena contain a halogen ion and one or more other elements Halite; Flourite exist in relatively pure form; pure elements (not compounds); highly prized Copper; Gold; Carbon-diamond,graphite inorganic salt of phosphoric acid Apitite; carnonite
Native Elements
Oxides-used primarily for pigment in paint
Carbonates- come in distinct colors -metals combine with carbonate ion (CO₃)₂-
Minerals 2.2 Mineral Groups NBpg. 12 Slide 3 of 3 Minerals 2.2 Carbonates: contain carbon, oxygen, and one or more other metallic elements Oxides: contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals Sulfates and Sulfides: contain sulfur Halides: contain a halogen ion and one or more other elements Phosphates: inorganic salt of phosphoric acid Native elements: exist in relatively pure form Mineral Groups