Chapter 1 Modern Chemistry Matter and Change Chapter 1 Modern Chemistry

1.1 Chemistry is a Physical Science Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes Natural sciences are divided into two categories Biological Sciences Physical Sciences Chemistry is looking to answer the questions of how substances are composed, how they react, and why they behave the way that they do

Branches of Chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Study of any substance that contains the element carbon https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of- chemistry/organic-chemistry.html Inorganic Chemistry Study of non-organic substances Often these substances contain metallic elements https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of- chemistry/inorganic-chemistry.html

Branches of Chemistry Physical Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Study of properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of- chemistry/physical-chemistry.html Analytical Chemistry Identify the components and composition of materials https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of- chemistry/analytical-chemistry.html

Branches of Chemistry Biochemistry Polymer Chemistry Study of substances and processes occurring in living things https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of- chemistry/biological-biochemistry.html Polymer Chemistry Study of large, complex molecules that are arranged in repeating patterns https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of- chemistry/polymer-chemistry.html

Branches of Chemistry Theoretical Chemistry Use of mathematics and computers to understand principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds Typically overlaps with other branches

Types of Research Basic Research Applied Research Carried out to gain knowledge Applied Research Carried out to solve a problem Technological Development Production and use of products to improve the quality of life

Questions and Discussion What are some examples of basic research? Applied research? Technological development? Which branch of chemistry are you must eager to learn about and why? Are you interested in a career in Chemistry?

1.2 Matter and It’s Properties What is matter? Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (volume) Mass is the measure of the amount of matter What are the building blocks of matter? Atoms Smallest unit of matter that still maintains the properties (identity) of the substance Elements A pure substance that is composed of the same type of atoms Compounds A pure substance composed of several types of atoms that are chemically bonded together Can be broken down into simpler forms

Properties and changes Types of properties Extensive and Intensive Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter present Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter Physical Properties Properties that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance Physical Changes A changes that does not affect the identity of the substance (composition is unchanged)

Properties and changes Changes in State A change in the state of matter of are examples of physical change Four states of matter Solid has a definite shape and volume Liquid has a definite volume but not a definite shape Gas will take the shape and volume of its container (indefinite) Plasma In this state, the electrons actually separate themselves from the atom producing a high energy cation What is the most abundant state on earth? In the universe? https://youtu.be/tuE1LePDZ4Y

Properties and Changes Chemical Property Relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances Chemical change One or more substances are converted into something new Undergoes a chemical reactions in which the reactants become the product Four signs that a chemical change has occurred Release of heat or light Change in color Release of a gas (odor) Formation of a solid https://youtu.be/WsKGD0evbAc

Classification of Matter Pure Substance Composed of only one type of substance (element or compound) Every sample has the same properties and every sample has the same composition

Classification of Matter Mixtures Combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means Two types Heterogeneous Sample is not uniform (ratio of the substances are not equal for each sample) Homogeneous Sample is uniform (ratio of the substances are equal for each sample)

Classification of Matter Can the matter be separated? Yes – Mixture No – Pure substance In a mixture, is the composition uniform Yes – Homogeneous No – Heterogeneous In a pure substance, can it decompose by ordinary chemical means? Yes – Compound No - Element

Questions and Discussion What two properties must matter have? What is an example of a homogeneous mixture? Heterogeneous mixture? Element? Compound? What tool can be used to identify elements? What are some terms that indicate that a physical changes has occurred? A chemical change?

1.3 Elements All elements are organized on the periodic table The table is arranged in columns called groups or families These elements all have similar properties to each other The table is also arranged in rows called periods The elements in a period exhibit periodic law which is a gradual change in properties as the elements move from left to right across a period

Types of Elements Three types of elements Metals Nonmetals Metalloids These elements are mostly solid at room temperature, hard, shiny, have high melting points, high boiling point, and good conductors Left side of the table Nonmetals These elements can vary in state at room temperature, soft solids, dull, low melting points, low boiling points, and poor conductors Right side of the table Metalloids These elements share properties of both metals and nonmetals Known as semiconductors

Special Groups Group 1: Alkali Metals Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals http://www.teachertube.com/video/alkali-metals-brainiac-41344 Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals https://youtu.be/k8g2hN55gVo Group 17: Halogens https://youtu.be/saLvwX3_p1s Group 18: Noble Gases https://youtu.be/kha8cBlDwis