AP European History Mr. Meester Revolutions 1820-1830 AP European History Mr. Meester

Causes of Revolution Nationalism, liberalism, and industrialism were all key factors in the outbreak of revolution during the first half of the 19th century. All three “isms” were opposed by the conservative groups who were rooted in the way of life before the French Revolution. Promoting the new forces of change was a younger generation: The heirs of the Enlightenment who believed in progress. Romanticism whose atmosphere against which these events were played out.

Monroe Doctrine Britain feared that Metternich would attempt to restore Spain’s colonies then revolting in Latin America. George Canning suggested, and supported, the foreign policy of the United States known as the Monroe Doctrine (1823). This document prohibited any further colonization or intervention by Europeans in the Western Hemisphere. England hoped to replace Spain in establishing her own trading monopoly with these former Spanish colonies. In the 19th century, British commercial interests dominated Latin America.

Latin American Revolution Inspired by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Period, Latin American nationalism between 1804 and 1824 would cause the end of three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. Leaders of these revolutions were: Toussaint L’Ouverture (Haiti) Jose San Martin (South America) Simon Bolivar (South America) Miguel Hidalgo (South America) Dom Pedro (Brazil)

Early Revolutions Spain (1820-1823) Italy (1820-1821) In Jan. 1820 a mutiny of troops under Colonel Rafael Reigo began due to the persecution of liberals by the restored monarch, King Ferdinand VII. The Congress of Verona (1822) authorized a French army to invade Spain and crush the revolutionaries. Italy (1820-1821) Incited to revolution by the activities of secret liberal-nationalist organizations (“carbonari”), liberals revolted in Naples in July 1820 Protesting the rule of Ferdinand I of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The Congress of Laibach (1821) authorized Austria to invade and suppress the rebels. An attempted uprising in the Piedmont was also crushed by Austrian forces in 1821.

England chooses Reform The climax of repression in England was the Six Acts of Parliament in 1819. Young conservatives began to question the policies of the elder conservatives such as Castlereagh. During the 1820s, a new group of younger Tories would moderate their party’s unbending conservatism. George Canning and Robert Peel With the help of liberal Whigs, England enacted liberal reforms. A more liberal foreign policy was instituted. Mercantile and navigation acts were liberalized. Repeal of the Test Act (banned non-Anglicans from government posts) The Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) Liberal reform would continue into the 1830s.

The Greek Revolt A revolution broke out in Greece in 1821 and was primarily a nationalist uprising revolt. Part of a larger issue known as “The Eastern Question.” Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire, whose territories were slowly shrinking throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. The weakness of the Ottoman Empire and the political & economic ramifications caused instability in the balance of power and kept the major powers in a nervous state. Because of conflicting interests, the major powers were unable to respond in any harmonious fashion for several years. This revolt ended up being a leading political question in Europe throughout the 1820s.

European Response Occurring in the Romantic era, the revolt touched the romantics in the West. A Greek appeal to Christian Europe did not move Prussia or Austria, but did fuse England, France, and Russia into a united force, that defeated a combined Turko-Egyptian naval force at Navarino Bay in 1827. Greek independence was recognized through the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829. Greek nationalist triumphed over the conservatives, and three of the five great powers had aided a movement that violated their agreement of 1815. The self-interests of the great powers demonstrated the growing power of nationalism in the international system.

Serbia Since the late 18th century, Serbia had sought independence from the Ottoman Empire. Between 1804 & 1813, Kara-george had led a guerilla war against the Ottoman Turks. Though unsuccessful, the revolt helped to build national unity within Serbia. In 1815 and 1816, a new leader, Milos, succeeded in negotiating greater autonomy for Serbia. In 1830, the Ottoman sultan formally granted independence to Serbia.

The Decembrists Revolt Alexander I died on December 1, 1825 resulting in the first significant uprising in Russian history. The expected succession of Constantine (liberal), older brother of Alexander, did not materialize. Instead his conservative younger brother Nicholas claimed the throne. Hoping to block Nicholas’ succession, a group of moderately liberal junior military officers staged a demonstration in later December, in St. Petersburg. It was quickly ended by an artillery attack ordered by Nicholas. The Decembrists were the first upper-class opponents of the autocratic Russian government. Due to the revolt, Nicholas held disdain for the liberal cause.

“Official Nationality” With the slogan, “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and National Unity,” it was designed to lead Russia back to its roots. Nicholas I, became the most reactionary monarch in Europe. Russia became a police state with censorship and state-sponsored terrorism. No legislative assembly and educational opportunities were limited. In foreign affairs the same extreme conservatism was demonstrated. Russian put down a revolution in Poland in 1830. Russian also played a role in stamping out Hungarian independence against Austria. The Crimean War occurred during the 1850s. Russia v France for control of the Balkans