Themes The status of slavery 1800-1840s Missouri Compromise Families, Marriage, Education Second Great Awakening

Republican Mother/Family -Through sermons, magazines, pamphlets, popular art, and other literature, women are heavily exposed to the idea -Women need to remain in the home and raise the next generation of American children with patriotic and democratic values (Cult of Domesticity)

Republican Family Women still cannot vote and have little to no property rights Society encourages women to be educated, just as long as they use that education in the home and don’t get involved in public issues America experiences a “demographic transition” after 1800. (Women marry later, have fewer kids, limit size of families [like 6 instead of 8 lol], use primitive birth control, tens of thousands of young men head west)

Other trends related to families/culture in this period Marriages increasing based on choice, not obligation More divorces granted Concept of Sentimentalism -A popular theme of literature, religious sermons, and dramas -Emphasized ideas like true love and physically felt emotions -This true love or appreciation could be related to God, people or nature

You will hear it referred to as the Sectional Crisis Status of Slavery The debate over slavery will be a major part of the story of America for the next several decades leading up to the Civil War You will hear it referred to as the Sectional Crisis Slaves make up 1/3 of the population of the South

Oak Alley Plantation Established in the 1830’s Cotton Plantation on the Mississippi River upstream from New Orleans in Louisiana

Slavery 1800-1840’s Congress outlaws the Slave Trade in 1808, but the institution of Slavery still is very much alive and well Southern Politicians are becoming increasingly powerful in the federal government. How? We had 3 Virginia Presidents in a row, they give their southern friends appointments, and we have added slaves states Each time a slave state is added, the south gets more pro slavery Senators and Congressmen

Slavery 1800-1840’s The Government will continue to protect slavery. How? -American diplomats will demand Britain compensate slave owners for slaves freed by the British army during the War of 1812 -Congress passes laws upholding slavery in Washington DC -Liberty and legal equality in the North and the South will be limited to white men for the time being

Missouri Compromise Louisiana (1812) Mississippi (1817) Alabama (1819) are all admitted to the Union as slave states (means the South has even more Senators) In 1819, Missouri will apply for statehood - Congressman Tallmadge adds an Amendment banning slavery in MO. “Proposes Gradual Emancipation” -Southerners see this as an attack on their on way of life Northern Congressmen block the admission of Missouri without the Tallmadge Amendment Southern Senators respond by blocking the admission of Maine (free)

Missouri Compromise South’s Argument No other state had a provision about the legality of slavery as a condition for admittance to the union The Constitution protects States Sovereignty over their affairs Congress cannot infringe on people’s personal property rights The Bible was used to justify slavery as well "slaves, obey your earthly masters with fear and trembling" (Ephesians 6:5) "tell slaves to be submissive to their masters and to give satisfaction in every respect" (Titus 2:9)

Henry Clay Senator from Kentucky “The Great Compromiser” Orchestrates the Missouri Compromise Will be important again soon when we discuss the re- chartering of the Bank of the United States

Missouri Compromise Henry Clay (Kentucky Slave Owner and Senator) proposes a three part compromise Missouri will be admitted as a Slave State Maine as a Free State. This would preserve the balance of power in the Senate Slavery would be banned above the 36’30 (except Missouri) As more states apply for admission to the Union, this issue will continue to come up. (Very soon we will see a major episode of violence break out of Kansas and Nebraska)

Religion in the early 1800’s The concept a single established church has faded away Volunteerism: Churches are funded by their members with voluntary tithes, not state required taxes -This Promotes increased religious freedom and diversity -Jefferson’s Religious Freedom Act 1786: Eliminated the requirement of specific faith for holding public office in Virginia. Other states went the other way (N. Carolina only let protestants hold office)

Second Great Awakening Very Similar to the First Great Awakening Emotional Preaching, outdoor revival meetings Huge increase in the size of Methodists and Baptists Congregations

Second Great Awakening Will cause some social tensions as Women and people of color attempt to participate in various religious movements Many black Christian churches (mostly Baptists) will be created -Comparison to the suffering of the Israelites in Egypt -The old idea of “Pre-destination” that Calvin and many groups of Protestants have believed in is dying out. -People are now starting to buy the idea that you are not pre-selected for heaven

Second Great Awakening: Impacts Rapid increase in the size of Baptist and Methodists Churches Cemented the protestant faith (many denominations were acceptable) as THE faith in America Gave women a more participatory role in religion Rise of reforms movements like temperance and abolition