FEASIBILITY STUDY OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE PAPER AS POTENTIAL FEEDSTOCK Apoorve Khandelwal, Mriganko Das, Sam Joy, Jaya Rawat and Sudha Tyagi Corporate R&D Center, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Greater Noida (UP), India New Delhi, March 5, 2012

Background & Objective India generates approximately 36.5 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) annually . Expected to be >260 million tons by 2050 , which needs an additional area of 1400 km2 for its disposal, most of it in urban areas Out of the current MSW production, approx. 40% is just paper. Currently, the recovery of waste paper in India is low at 26% C-5 Pretreatment Enzymatic Hydrolysis Fermentation Separation & Purification Ethanol Enzyme Production Paper: Processed Lignocellulose Enzyme Production & Saccharification Fermentation Separation & Purification Ethanol The present work explores two major improvements: Avoiding pretreatment & in-situ enzyme production

Experimental A-4 office stationary paper/News Paper/ Package cardboard/Tissue Paper (Size=2 mm to 4 mm; Dried at 500C) Composition Analysis (NREL/TP-510-42618) T. reesei & A. niger Mandel’s Media Commercial Cellulase complex & Beta-glucisidase (1:10 w/w) Solid state fermentation Submerged state fermentation FPA Analysis (Ghose, 1987) Enzymatic Hydrolysis Enzymatic Hydrolysis Enzymatic Hydrolysis Sugar Analysis

A-4 office stationary paper Results & Discussion Table 1. Carbohydrate composition of different paper types Figure 1. Plot of extent of cellulose hydrolysis, achieved in 24 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis reaction, with respect to initial enzyme loading (i.e. FPU per gram dry substrate) of commercial enzymes Paper Type Cellulose (%) Hemicellulose (%) A-4 office stationary paper 62.6 11.7 News Print 50.1 17.0 Package cardboard 57.4 9.2 Tissue Paper 75.2 9.0 Figure 2. Plot of sugar released from waste paper samples Vs initial enzyme loadings (i.e. FPU per gram dry substrate) at the end of 24 hours and 48 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis reaction using commercial enzymes

Results & Discussion Figure 4. (a) Plot of FPU of enzyme produced per gram dry substrate at the end of 5th day of solid state fermentation (SSF). (b) Plot of FPU of enzyme produced per gram dry substrate at the end of 5th day of submerged fermentation (SMF). (c) Plot of extent of cellulose hydrolysis in various substrates by enzymes that were produced In-situ by SSF. (d) Plot of extent of cellulose hydrolysis in various substrates by enzymes that were produced In-situ by SMF Figure 5. A. SEM image of untreated waste tissue paper. B. SEM image of ruptured structure of tissue paper as a result of fungal interaction during submerged fermentation.

Conclusion To bring the ‘paper to fuel’ cost down, in situ enzyme production and application were explored. This opens up a new way forward leading to the improvement/intensification of conversion process of waste paper to ethanol. Eliminating the costly physicochemical pretreatment step, the whole process thus gets compressed to the following three steps. 1. Sugar production from feedstock 2. Fermentation of sugars to ethanol and 3. Separation and purification of ethanol. The in-situ produced enzyme from T. reesei was found more efficient as compared to the commercial enzyme used. Further, it was observed that enzyme loading requirement of in-situ produced enzyme was significantly less as compared to that of commercial enzyme for achieving the same extent of hydrolysis

Thank you “We are not creatures of circumstance; we are the creators of circumstance” Benjamin Disraeli