also see http://tsquare.gatech.edu/ ECE-6612 Spring 2008 http://www.csc.gatech.edu/copeland/jac/6612/ also see http://tsquare.gatech.edu/ Prof. John A. Copeland john.copeland@ece.gatech.edu 404 894-5177 fax 404 894-0035 Office: Klaus 3362 email or call for office visit, or call Kathy Cheek, 404 894-5696

or http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~copeland/jac/6612/ The class Web site is: http://www.csc.gatech.edu/copeland/jac/6612/ or http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~copeland/jac/6612/ On this site you will find: • Class calendar (test dates, etc.) • Reading assignments (about 20 pages, read before class) • Lecture Notes (ppt files to print) • Homework assignments (and answers), a Q&A folder Homework assignments will be text files, sent to you by email and posted on the Web. Answers will be edited into them, and they will be returned by email to me. Since these count for your final grade, treat homework assignments like take-home quizzes. Graded versions will be returned to you by email. 2

Objectives of Data Security • Privacy - not readable • Permanent - not alterable (can't edit, delete) • Reliable - (changes detectable) • Signed - (non-reputable) • Acknowledged - (know it was received) • Authorization - few have privileges But the data must be accessible to persons authorized to: • Read, edit, add, delete Probably over a network, possibly over the Internet. 3

Attacks, Services, and Mechanisms * Security Attack: Any action that compromises the security of information. * Security Mechanism: A mechanism that is designed to detect, prevent, or recover from a security attack. * Security Service: A service that enhances the security of data processing systems and information transfers. A security service makes use of one or more security mechanisms. 4

Security Services (P + 5 A's) * Confidentiality (Privacy) * Authentication (who created or sent the data) * Integrity (has not been altered) [Alteration (protection)] * Non-repudiation (the buy-order is final) [Attribution] * Access control (prevent misuse of resources) [Authorization] * Availability (permanence, non-erasure) - Denial of Service Attacks - Virus that deletes files 5

Availability Privacy Alteration, Attribution Authentication, Authorization 6 6

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Wiring Closet 8

Wiring Trough 9

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Security Standards Internet - Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) De Facto (PGP email security system, Kerberos-MIT) ITU (X.509 Certificates) - not in book - National Institute of Standards and Technology (SHA) IEEE (802.2-Ethernet, 802.11 - Wireless LAN) Department of Defense, Nat. Computer Security Center - Tempest (radiation limits) - Orange Book: Class A1, B3, C1, C2, ... Export Controls - High Performance Computers - Systems with “Hard” Encryption 12

IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force RCF - Request for Comments Wireless Security - IEEE 802 Committee 13

Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses Virus - code that copies itself into other programs (usually riding on email messages or attached documents (e.g., macro viruses). Payload - harmful things it does, after it has had time to spread. Worm - a program that replicates itself across the network (Sapphire: single UDP packet, MSblast: TCP opened a back-door) Trojan Horse - instructions in an otherwise good program that cause bad things to happen (sending your data or password to an attacker over the net). Logic Bomb - malicious code that activates on an event (e.g., date). Trap Door (or Back Door) - undocumented entry point written into code for debugging that can allow unwanted users. Bot (robot) - a compromised host that is controlled remotely. Bot Net - many bots controlled by the same organization. 14

Virus Protection Have a well-known virus protection program, configured to scan disks and downloads automatically for known viruses. Monthly (if not weekly) database updates are necessary. Do not execute programs (or "macro's") from unknown sources (e.g., PS files, HyperCard files, MS Office documents, Java, ...), if you can help it. Lately, downloaded image files can compromise your PC. Avoid the most common operating systems and email programs, if possible (I use MacOS and Eudora). Avoid Web Mail, integrated mail and browser programs. 15

Password Gathering Look under keyboard, telephone etc. Look in the Rolodex under “X” and “Z” Call up pretending to from “micro-support,” and ask for it. “Snoop” a network and watch the plaintext passwords go by. Tap a phone line - but this requires a very special modem. Use a “Trojan Horse” program or “key catcher”to record key stokes. 16

The Stages of a Classical Network Intrusion 1. Scan the network to: • locate which IP addresses are in use, • what operating system is in use, • what TCP or UDP ports are “open” (being listened to by Servers). 2. Run “Exploit” scripts against open ports 3. Get access to Shell program which is “suid” (has “root” privileges). 4. Download from Hacker Web site special versions of systems files that will let Cracker have free access in the future without his cpu time or disk storage space being noticed by auditing programs. 5. Use IRC (Internet Relay Chat) to invite friends to the feast. 17

Clicking on the Wrong Button can Compromise your PC

Router-Firewall can drop packets based on source or destination, Web Server Browser Application Application Router-Firewall can drop packets based on source or destination, ip address and/or port Layer Layer (HTTP) (HTTP) Port 80 Port 31337 Transport Transport Layer Layer (TCP,UDP) (TCP,UDP) Protocol No. Protocol No. Network Network Layer (IP) Layer (IP) IP Address 130.207.22.5 Network Network IP Address 24.88.15.22 Layer Layer Token Ring E'net Data Token Ring E'net Data Link Layer Link Layer Data-Link Layer Data Link Layer Ethernet Token Ring E'net Phys. Token Ring Phys. Layer Phys. Layer Layer Phys. Layer 19

IP Zone-Access Control (xinetd) /etc/hosts.deny ALL:ALL /etc/hosts.allow in.telnetd: 199.77.146 24.88.154.17 in.ftpd: 199.77.146.19 199.77.146.102 UNIX and Linux computers allow network contact to be limited to individual hosts or subnets (199.77.146 means 199.77.146.any). Above, telnet connection is available to all on the 199.77.146.0 subnet, and a single off-subnet host, 24.88.154.17 FTP service is available to only to two local hosts, .19 and .102. The format for each line is “daemon:host-list”. 2005 - Use IPtables instead (more detailed, but more complicated) 20

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) -> GPG From "PGP Freeware for MacOS, User's Guide" Version 6.5, Network Associates, Inc., www.pgp.com 21

Access Control Today almost all systems are protected only by a simple password that is typed in, or sent over a network in the clear.Techniques for guessing passwords: 1. Try default passwords. 2. Try all short words, 1 to 3 characters long. 3. Try all the words in an electronic dictionary(60,000). 4. Collect information about the user’s hobbies, family names, birthday, etc. 5. Try user’s phone number, social security number, street address, etc. 6. Try all license plate numbers (123XYZ). Prevention: Enforce good password selection (e.g., “c0p31an6-liKe5=Alvakad05” or “3Bm1ce-c-htr”) 22

Kerberos 23