Chapter 11-TESTING and Individual Differences   Intelligence-capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude in grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc. Psychometrics-measurement of knowledge and ability by using defined tests. Sir Francis Galton Eugenics

Factor Analysis-statistical measure used to show how clusters of characteristics break down   When psychologists measure or test individual differences they use two methods to determine if results have significance: 1. Validity-does the test actually measure what it is supposed to ______________? measure

How to test validity? Content validity-information of the test measures what it was designed to measure. Your next test will ask about IQ b. Criterion (predictive validity)- ability of a test to predict how well a person will do in future c. Construct validity-how well the test is designed (constructed) to measure the specific information, Print big enough, etc.. IQ test can you read this?

2. Reliability-Does test yield same results over time   How to test reliability? Test-retest and split half reliability How can tests be used to compare individuals? Standardized tests and norms (normal curve or ________ curve) consistency bell

Types and tests   Objective tests-multiple choice; scored by a machine; MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory)-reliable and valid MBTI (Myers Briggs Type indicator)-???? reliable and valid????

Subjective tests-open ended questions _____ (Thematic Apperception Test) Rorschach ____________ test   Tracking-placing students in classes based on assessed ____________ Inclusion-“special needs” students placed in regular classrooms (_____________________) TAT inkblot ability mainstreamed

If MA is 2 or more years behind CA-remediation. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon(1904)-developed first intelligence test. Used MA (__________ age) and CA (Chronological ______) to express scores. mental age If MA is 2 or more years behind CA-remediation.

Louis Terman-Stanford professor used Binet and Simon’s test for U. S Louis Terman-Stanford professor used Binet and Simon’s test for U.S. Schools, called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Also said IQ is innate.   Terman also conducted longitudinal study on giftedness, does giftedness translate to success? Results of Terman’s “termites” suggest yes. IQ-Intelligence Quotient. Terman said intelligence is innate and his IQ test could accurately measure intelligence.

IQ=Mental age / Chronological age X 100   (David) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-measures many skills thought to be part of intelligence (math, block design, similarities, etc…) 100=average IQ (mean) Below 70=mental retardation Above 130=gifted MA = 30 CA= 60 What is the IQ? 50

Mild retardation: 50-70, 85% of all mentally retarded people, 6th grade level Moderate retardation: 35-49, live with a caretaker, mental age of 4-7 year old Severe retardation: 20-34, cannot take care of themselves, 3-4 year old Profound retardation: below 20, language limited to grunts/sounds, significant impairment of motor function, 3 year old

Deviation IQ-mean IQ is 100; standard deviation is 15; so a person with 115 IQ is one standard deviation above the norm.   According to David Wechsler-average IQ score obtained by 50% of individuals falls between 90 and 110 96% of people score between 70-130, 2 Standard deviations from the mean

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2oEwt40SAeU Savant syndrome-person with a limited, rare, remarkable talent. More likely seen in people with Autism

Charles Spearman-said people have a single common factor of general intelligence, the ___ factor. Within this general intelligence there exists specific intelligences: s g

Raymond Cattell-general intelligence broken into two parts: 1. Crystalized intelligence-knowledge a person has and ability to store and retrieve _________________.   2. Fluid intelligence-ability to see complex relationships and solve ___________ (block design & spatial ability) knowledge problems

Cognitive theories of intelligence (Contemporary approach-late 20th century)-intelligence more than “school.”   Robert Sternberg-“Triarchic theory”-idea that intelligence is composed of three different domains.

1. Practical intelligence-ability to cope with people/environment “__________ smarts” 2. Analytical intelligence-accumulated knowledge gained through education or book smarts, ability measured by IQ tests, _____________ reasoning 3. Creative intelligence-ability to develop new (novel) ideas, see new relationships/solutions, create new works of art/products street logical C.A.P.

Howard Gardner-also said IQ test only measure limited range of human mental abilities. IQ doesn’t show true cognitive abilities   1. Linguistic-ability to learn and use language, traditional IQ test, vocabulary, _____________ 2. Logical-mathematical-ability to use logic associated with math and science, IQ tests reading

3. Spatial-form mental images of objects when solving problems 4. Musical-perform, appreciate, compose, etc…music 5. Bodily-kinesthetic-ability to use one’s body and physical abilities to accomplish tasks, dancers, surgeons 6. Interpersonal-ability to understand people’s emotions, intentions, actions, etc…and can work well with others. Vestibular –balance kinesthesis-coordination

Erik Erickson-”identity vs role confusion” 7. Intrapersonal-know ______________, identity, ability to understand and control one’s emotions 8. Naturalistic-ability to categorize and understand the environment Heard this already? yourself Erik Erickson-”identity vs role confusion” Criticism of Gardner-some claim these are talents not forms of intelligence

Daniel Goldman-“Emotional intelligence”-ability to perceive and manage the emotions of one’s self and others, said this is most important for success   Seattle Longitudinal study-how do cognitive abilities change over time? Cognitive decline of adults over time is minimal, supports nature argument?

Aptitude tests-designed to measure a person’s performance potential, commonly given to students who plan to attend college, SAT, ACT, GRE-have been shown to be a good indicator of future performance capabilities.

Achievement tests-designed to measure a person’s knowledge about a given subject, AP exams, MSLs, EOCs, etc…

Divergent thinking-ability to generate multiple solutions to a given problem Convergent thinking-narrowing down to a single best solution or answer to a problem Down Syndrome-“trisomy 21” genetic disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome resulting in mental retardation (mild or moderate)

Fragile X syndrome-mutated X chromosome, maybe some impairment of cognitive function  

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-impairment in social communication and interaction, compulsive behavior, no known cause but maybe….genetic, vaccinations, lack of mirror neurons? Asperger syndrome-form of ASD, narrow and highly attentive preoccupations with subjects, above average IQ but may not do well in school.  

Flynn Effect-Gradual rise in IQ scores around the world since IQ testing began.   Evaluating intelligence tests-bias? Question asked about a snowman, what if person lived in Hawaii entire life? Lower Social economic status (SES) children score lower? Room temperature, noise, etc…. during testing?

PKU Jenson controversy Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray’s book The Bell Curve Scarr and Weinberg adoption study Francis Galton intelligence? And eugenics (internet) Margaret Sanger and eugenics?