CHAPTER 5 The Problem of Empire, 1763–1776 James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 5 The Problem of Empire, 1763–1776 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

1. What is the event depicted in this image 1. What is the event depicted in this image? (Answer: The image depicts the Great New York Fire of 1776 which broke out at the time that the British General Howe and his troops landed on Manhattan Island with the intention of taking it from the occupying American army. The fire spread quickly, burned thousands of buildings, and forced their occupants to flee. The British accused the Americans of arson, but the charge was never proven.) 2. What does the image suggest about who lived in New York City at the time of the American Revolution’s outbreak? (Answer: The image shows a variety of people engaged in numerous activities. Many of the actors in the image are either American or British soldiers; there are also white and black civilians, women and men, engaged in the process of trying to escape the fire carrying parcels and chests containing their personal property.) 3. How did the artist present the British in this image? How did he or she present the Americans? Can you tell which side of the conflict the artist supported? (Answer: The Patriots are depicted in the black tri-cornered hats and the British in red coats. Many of the Americans in the image are in the process of attacking the British soldiers, who appear to be outnumbered and quite vulnerable. It is hard to tell which side the artist supported. He or she could have been portraying the Americans as courageous and victorious fighters against an invading force, or as lawless and violent rebels attacking defenseless British soldiers. Both sides appear to be alarmed by the fire.)

I. An Empire Transformed A. The Costs of Empire 1. Britain’s national debt 2. British troops in the colonies

I. An Empire Transformed B. George Grenville and the Reform Impulse 1. The Sugar Act 2. The End of Salutary Neglect 6

I. An Empire Transformed C. An Open Challenge: The Stamp Act 1. First imperial crisis

II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1770 A. Formal Protests and the Politics of the Crowd 1. The Stamp Act Congress 2. Crowd Actions 3. The Motives of the Crowd

II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1770 B. The Ideological Roots of Resistance 1. Intellectual traditions

II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1770 C. Another Kind of Freedom 1. Patriot critiques of slavery 2. Southerners’ responses

II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1770 D. Parliament and Patriots Square Off Again 1. Charles Townshend Steps In 2. A Second Boycott and the Daughters of Liberty 3. Troops to Boston 13

II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1770 E. The Problems of the West 1. The Proclamation Line of 1763

II. The Dynamics of Rebellion, 1765–1770 F. Parliament Wavers 1. The Boston Massacre 2. Sovereignty Debated

Ask students to describe the action depicted here by silversmith and Patriot Paul Revere in his engraving of “The Boston Massacre,” March 1770. 1. What did Revere hope to convey to his audience about the presence of the British army in Boston? (Answer: Depiction of armed soldiers firing on a seemingly innocent, unarmed crowd of colonists, some bleeding, illustrates the perspective of Patriots that the British army was there not to maintain peace but to enact tyranny and terror on the people of Boston.) 2. Examine the redcoats. What does their posture say to the viewing audience about their actions? (Answer: Right-hand side of the engraving shows a redcoat with sword raised, encouraging the others in their offensive action; the soldiers’ guns are aimed at the crowd despite the obviously injured colonists on the ground; the redcoats are not being fired upon and their weapons remain raised.)

III. The Road to Independence, 1771–1776 A. A Compromise Repudiated 1. The East India Company and the Tea Act 2. The Tea Party and the Coercive Acts

1. Describe the appearance of the men involved in this political protest. (Answer: Some are dressed in traditional Englishmen’s clothing, including jackets and hats, while others appear disguised as Native Americans.) 2. In your opinion, was the destruction of British tea a useful form of political protest? Why or why not? (Answer: Some students might speculate that destroying British property hurt them economically and could have resulted in their recognition of the seriousness of colonial anger at taxation; others might discuss the anger that resulted from the Tea Party and led to Parliament enacting the Coercive Acts against Massachusetts.)

III. The Road to Independence, 1771–1776 B. The Continental Congress Responds 1. Meeting in Philadelphia 22

III. The Road to Independence, 1771–1776 C. The Rising of the Countryside 1. The Continental Association 2. Southern Planters Fear Dependency

III. The Road to Independence, 1771–1776 D. Loyalists and Neutrals 1. Supporters of the king 2. Proponents of neutrality 25

IV. Violence East and West A. Lord Dunmore’s War 1. Power vacuum in Ohio 2. Colonial action

IV. Violence East and West B. Armed Resistance in Massachusetts 1. Minutemen 2. Lexington and Concord

IV. Violence East and West C. The Second Continental Congress Organizes for War 1. Congress Versus King George 2. Fighting in the South 3. Occupying Kentucky

IV. Violence East and West D. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense 1. Call for independence

IV. Violence East and West E. Independence Declared