Adjuvants Chemical substance that can be added to a vaccine in order to enhance the immune response to the vaccine.

Licensed Types of Adjuvants Aluminum Hydroxide Aluminum Phosphate (Alum) MF59 – oil/water emulsion, biodegradable squalene oil (4.3%) stabilized by two non-ionic surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 85), and a low ionic strength citrate buffer AS04, 3-0-desacyl- 4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) detoxified by mild hydrolytic treatment, alum absorbed Aluminum Salts

Boosters Periodic “booster” administration strengthens and lengthens duration of immunity

Routes of Administration Intravenous Intramuscular Subcutaneous Oral – liquids, foods Intranasal

Reverse vaccinology

Reverse vaccinology methods A comparison Reverse vaccinology methods computer analyzes specific microbe genome sequence to predict genes that code for surface proteins (possible vaccine) computers can examine multiple microbial genomes to look for homologous proteins to create more accurate predictions predicted genes are cloned into E. coli cultures for manufacturing of recombinant proteins – these are the potential vaccines proteins are extracted from the E. coli cultures and tested in mice for the immune response of interest Conventional methods grow microbes in vitro harvest microbial proteins that may have the potential to produce a vaccine problem… many microbes are hard to cultivate in vitro

Conventional Vaccine Development DNA recombinant technology 5 – 15 years

Reverse Vaccinology: Applying Genomics, Immunology & Engineering To Rapidly Assess Vaccine Candidates High Throughput Gene Expression ~ 6 months - 1 year