How do thought, emotion and behavior arise from an amorphous blob?

Functional neuroanatomy Overview of brain anatomy & systems Localization/networks Scale Major sensorimotor systems States ‘of mind’ Specific functional systems Memory & Emotion Vision & Attention, Language bradd@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu

Brain anatomy

Approaches to the study of brain function Animals & humans: anatomy & physiology Tract tracing; single unit recordings Patients with focal brain lesions Behavioral studies & post-mortem anatomy Structural imaging: In vivo structure/function correlations Functional neuroimaging

Scale in studying the nervous system

Localization of function in the nervous system Phrenology (Gall, early 1800s) 1.The brain is the organ of the mind. 2. The mind is composed of multiple distinct, innate faculties. 3. Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or "organ" in the brain.

Localization of function in the nervous system: Paul Broca & language

Localization of function in the nervous system: Maps and networks

Localization of function in the nervous system: Functional networks 5 major brain systems subserving cognition and behavior Left perisylvian language network Parieto-frontal network for spatial attention Occipitotemporal network for object/face recognition Medial temporal/limbic network for learning & memory Prefrontal network for attention & comportment From Mesulam MM

What are we doing with our brains at this moment? (The student’s brain) Feeling your chair Squirming (moving) Watching Listening Remembering Paying attention Sleeping Feeling anxious Feeling hungry What happens when you ask a question?

Somatosensory function

Somatosensory function

Motor function

Motor system

Motor system

Motor system

The Brain is Composed of Discrete Cells: Neurons and Glia

The Brain is Composed of Discrete Cells: Neurons and Glia

Neurons have specialized processes that support electrochemical transmission

Neurons communicate with each other primarily through synapses

Glia support and maintain neurons Protect by surrounding and buffering Speed transmission by forming myelin sheaths

Motor system

Motor system

Motor system

Auditory function

Vision

Visual system Visual system From Waxman.

Visual system Visual system From Waxman.

Visual system Visual system From Waxman.

Visual system Visual system From Waxman.

Visual system Visual system From Waxman.

Visual system Visual system From Waxman.

Scale in studying the nervous system

Learning and memory/Emotion

Attention

Attention Mesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999

Attention Mesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999

Attention Gitelman DR et al., Ann Neurol 1996;39:174-9 Gitelman DR et al., Brain 1999;122:1093-1106

State vs channel functions States Mood Depression influences activation Hunger Sleep Channels

State modulates channel activity: Hunger LaBar KS et al. Behavioral Neuroscience 2001; April 2001 Vol. 115, No. 2, 493-500

Sleep/Anatomy

Sleep/EEG

Sleep/EEG

What are we doing with our brains at this moment? (The student’s brain) Feeling your chair Squirming (moving) Watching Listening Remembering Paying attention Sleeping Feeling anxious Feeling hungry What happens when you ask a question?