What’s the MATTER,. Definition, States,. Change of State, What’s the MATTER, Definition, States, Change of State, Types of Matter, and Properties and Changes Unit 1B p. 2-5.

MATTER, Definition, States, and MATTER, Definition, States, and Change of State At the conclusion of our time together, you should be able to: Define matter Define the various states of matter and draw an example of each state Recognize that particle motion determines the state of matter

Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space Matter is made up of building blocks: atom – smallest unit of an element. element – a pure substance made of only one kind of atom. compound – made of two or more atoms that are chemically combined.

FYI 90% of the Earth’s crust is made up of only 5 elements: Oxygen 49.2% Silicon 25.7 % Aluminum 7.5% Iron 4.7% Calcium 3.4%

States of Matter Solid- Definite volume and shape Particles are tightly packed Slight expansion when heated Incompressible

Vibration around fixed points Solid Vibration around fixed points

States of Matter Liquid- Has definite volume, but no definite shape (assumes the shape of the container) Particles are loosely packed (can flow by sliding over each other) Easily expand when heated Considered incompressible

Vibration around sliding points Liquid Vibration around sliding points

States of Matter Gas- No definite shape or volume Expand to fill the container Particles are spaced far apart Compressible

Gas Vibration around moving points

States of Matter Plasma- Consists of electrically charged particles It’s an ionized gas Common in space, but very rare on Earth Found in lightning, fluorescent lights and neon signs

Plasma When atoms are so hot, they lose ALL of their electrons. “Super-heated Gas”

Energy Amounts in States of Matter Solid- little energy, particles vibrate and rotate Liquid- more energy, they move freely by sliding over each other Gas- even more energy, move quickly Plasma- most energy, move extremely fast

Names of Phase Changes Solid to Liquid = Melting Liquid to Gas = Boiling/evaporation Gas to Liquid = Condensation Liquid to Solid = Freezing Solid to Gas = Sublimation Gas to Solid = Deposition

Boiling Condensation Freezing Melting Gas Sublimation Liquid Solid Deposition Condensation Liquid Sublimation Melting Freezing Solid

Gas Liquid Solid Sublimation When a solid turns directly into a gas. Dry ice is solid CO2 Solid

Moisture that collects on the outside of a cold glass results from the process of… evaporation. condensation. sublimation. vaporization.

Matter, Classify Matter At the conclusion of our time together, you should be able to: Classify a mixture of matter based on their physical and chemical properties Characterize various types of matter

Types of Matter Pure Substance- Matter with a fixed composition It has distinct properties Examples = elements compounds

Types of Matter Mixtures- Most matter is a mixture The composition is not fixed (changes from sample to sample) Solute: substance being dissolved; smaller component than solvent Solvent: substance that dissolves the solute(s); largest component of mixture. Two Types – Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Homogeneous Mixtures Composition is uniform throughout Solution- Particle size = 0.01 – 1 nm Doesn’t settle out upon standing Can’t be separated by filtering Doesn’t scatter light Example = distilled salt water

Heterogeneous Mixtures - Suspension The sample varies in composition, properties and appearance No uniformity If a suspension: Particle size is greater than 1000 nm Particles settle out upon standing Can be separated by filtration Might scatter light Examples = soil, trail mix, pond water

Heterogeneous Mixtures Colloid- Particle size = 1 – 1000 nm Doesn’t settle out upon standing Can’t be separated by filtering Scatters light (Tyndall Effect) Examples = milk, gelatin, smoke

Let’s Look at Some Examples: Mixtures are variable combinations of 2 or more pure substances. Heterogeneous – visibly separate phases Homogeneous – Same throughout

Distilled (pure) Water, H2O is a compound. an element. a solution. a mixture.

Air is a mixture of several gases. Name Formula amount Nitrogen N2 78 % Oxygen O2 21 % Argon Ar 1 % Carbon CO2 0.03 % Dioxide

Noble (inert) Gas Air is a mixture of several gases Name Formula Amount Neon Ne 0.002 % Methane CH4 0.0002 % Helium He 0.000524 % Krypton Kr 0.000114 % Hydrogen H2 0.00005 % Xenon Xe 0.0000087 % Noble (inert) Gas

What’s the MATTER Classify Matter Let’s Put it All Together in a Chart!!

MATTER No Yes Can it be physically separated? MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE This is on p. 5 MATTER No Yes Can it be physically separated? MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE Is the composition uniform? No Yes Can it be chemically decomposed? No Yes Homo- geneous Mixture Hetero- geneous Mixture Compound Element Colloids & Suspensions Solution

Pure Water is a compound. an element. a solution. a mixture.

Tap Water is a compound. an element. a solution. a mixture.

If different kinds of atoms are represented by different colored dots, which picture represents a sample of a compound?

If different kinds of atoms are represented by different colored dots, which picture below represents a mixture?

Which of the following illustrations represents a pure substance?

A chocolate chip cookie is an example of a __________, A chocolate chip cookie is an example of a __________, because ______________. a. compound, the ingredients are chemically bonded. b. compound, it is the same throughout. c. mixture, you can separate out the chips. d. mixture, you cannot distinguish between the ingredients.

Which of the following is a compound? oxygen water nitrogen air

Physical Change Physical A change in matter from one form to another without changing its chemical properties (most can be reversed); No change in atoms/molecules

Physical Change Examples = Change in state or phase change Dissolving Compressing

Physical Change More Examples = boiling of a liquid melting of a solid dissolving a solid in a liquid to give a homogeneous mixture making a solution

Physical Properties Every substance has a unique set of properties (characteristics that identify that substance) Physical Properties- Properties that can be measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance

Physical Property Examples- Color Odor Density Melting Point Boiling Point Hardness Solubility

2 Chemical Change 1 Chemical A change in matter from one form to another by changing its composition (most cannot be reversed) Bonds are made / broken Chemical change or chemical reaction — transformation of one or more atoms or molecules into one or more different molecules.

Sure Signs of a Chemical Change “Chemists Get Practice Trying Labs” Color Change Gas Produced (not from boiling!) Precipitate – a solid formed by mixing two liquids together Temperature Change Light

Chemical Change Examples Combustion Electrolysis of water (separates H2O into H2 and O2). Any reaction that produces a new product/substance/compound.

Chemical Properties Properties that describe the way a substance may change to form other substances Only observed when a chemical reaction takes place

Chemical Property Examples Combustible Reactivity with water or acid Flammability Corrosive Decomposition

Remember the Law of Conservation of Mass In a physical change or a chemical reaction, mass is neither created or destroyed (Antoine Lavoisier)

Physical vs. Chemical Change Examples: melting flame produced paper cut dissolving salt in water tarnishes in air

Physical vs. Chemical Change Examples: rusting iron mixing mud and water burning a log freezing water grinding spices

Physical vs. Chemical Property Examples: melts at 55oF flammable will tear easily will dissolve in water will tarnish

Physical vs. Chemical Properties Examples: will rust mixture can be separated by boiling burns freezes at -20oC can be crushed