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Gender, Gender Roles, Families and Work Chapter 6

Sexual Development Your life began with…It’s a girl! It’s a boy! Based on biological sex Anatomy, the starting place Genes, XX or XY directed prenatal development Hormones linked with genes, bend development Human life dichotomized, F and M tracks Because we tend to see biological sex as dichotomous, we may tend to dichotomize behavior as strictly male or female.

For example, boys are messy, girls are clean For example, boys are messy, girls are clean. Now depending on your current roommate situation you may have a great disagree with this.

Gender Development Gender Socialization….you learn and are taught about culture and life by gender Socialization in two tracks… as a GIRL or as a BOY How were you treated differently because you were female or male? Names, clothes, colors, toys, games… Shoes as an example…

Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

“All guys must care deeply about their cars:

Gender Socialization Girls socialized toward being expressive, communicative Boys socialized toward being competitive, NOT expressing feelings What do you think? Girl football player

Gender communications

Sex Differences Male or Female Hormones External Anatomy Internal Sex Organs

Gender Identities Gender identity, psychological view of self as male or as female… or confused?? Most of us have concordant biological and psychological sex Some people have discordant biological and psychological sex …Transsexual

Gender Identities Biological sex = chromosomes, hormones, anatomy Hermaphroditism = ambiguous biological sex Gender identity = self-perception of biological sex Transgendered = discrepant gender identity/bio sex Reinforcing masculine or feminine self- perceptions

Sexual Development We learned rules, beliefs, facts about sex All of us learned “the facts of life”, maybe intentionally taught, maybe not Parents avoidance or good intentions

Facts of Life age? How old when you first learned the “facts of life”? B 5-7 C 8-10 D 11-13 E 14+

Facts of life source? How did you first learn the “facts of life” A- Parents told me B- Friend told me C- I saw/read something D- I figured it out E- DK, NS, other

Self analysis question What was your parents’ level of comfort talking with you about sex? A Never talked about sex with parents B A little communication, mostly awkward C Moderately open and comfortable D Very open and comfortable communication

Sexuality and Relationships Feel attraction, romantic or sexual thoughts Intensify during adolescence (2nd decade) Dating, hanging out, sexual exploration Friends with benefits Sequence of touch, kiss, fondle, intercourse Progression depends on religion, culture, personal choice The time of adolescence has changed Hanging out culture: Talk with Michael. Hanging out isn’t challenging FWB: Not a stage of relationship About 50-55% of college students say they have had FWB relationship (about equal for men and women) The experience is different though: woman more emotionally involved; more physically involved. Men open to more FWB

Relationship stages and cycles Acquaintances Friends Romantic partners Living together, marriage Dissolution, or stability

Mate Selection theory & sexual orientation

Theory Complementary-needs theory: Social Exchange theory: Rewards we tend to select mates whose needs are opposite and complementary to our own. Social Exchange theory: Rewards Costs Profit Loss Alternative SET: rational thinking

Sexual Development Sexual orientation, attraction to… To opposite (other) sex = heterosexual ~95% To same sex = homosexual male attracted to males, Gay female attracted to females, Lesbian To both sexes = Bisexual

Gay, Lesbian Relationships Same Sex attraction 3-5% males, 2-3% females in national surveys Strong stigma (homophobia), prejudice, & even sometimes violence Childhood hidden, adolescent or YA coming out Relationships similar to & different from hetero- Prejudice, marriage, benefits (hidden) Family and friends connections Roommates

Sexual Development Summary Sex = biological characteristics, or behavior Sexuality = inclusive, larger construct that includes beliefs, values, behaviors Gender = biological sex, or gender roles Gender identity= psychological view of self Sexual orientation = attraction to same or other Sexual minorities = GLBT/LBGT/Q…

Who does what in Marriages and families

Who Does What in Marriages and Families? Traditional views – homemaker & breadwinner In 2011, only 16% of households in the U.S. consisted of a breadwinner husband and a homemaker (stay-at-home) wife Gender socialization Expectations Expectations different by gender in your family? Future roles in your marriage and family?

Why does “who” do “what”? Education, Training, and Preparation for Work College Degrees in the U.S. 1960 – Men were 2x as likely to graduate (65% to 35%) Currently ≈60+% of bachelor’s and master’s degrees awarded to women

Education, Training, and Preparation for Work Women’s employment, dramatic increase 75% of U.S. women ages 25-54 now in the work force Mother’s labor force participation Rapid increase of mothers with non-adult children working for pay 1975 - 47% 2007 - 71%

Education, Training, and Preparation for Work Women with children vs. Women without Employment rates about 9% lower among mothers than women of the same age without children Lower employment is strongly affected by educational attainment Largest employment gap for least educated Smallest employment gap for mothers with advanced degrees

Education, Training, and Preparation for Work Dual earner couples In 1977, 70% of men in dual-earner couples thought men should earn the money and women should care for the home and family In 2008, 37% of men in dual-earner couples felt this way Today both partners expect to be employed and roles are based upon personal preference, training, expertise 2013: married-couple families with children where both parents worked: 59.1%

Gender Differences in Employment Men more likely to have Blue collar jobs: production, machine operation, and repair (43% to 10%) Engineering (98% men in 1978, 90% today) Most male dominated jobs Auto mechanic (99%) Electrician (98%)

Gender Differences in Employment Women more likely to be Secretaries, dental hygienists (97-98%) Childcare workers (95%) Nurses (over 90%) Elementary school teachers (85-90%)

Work, Pay, and Gender How much is “enough?” Expectations Number of family members What else? Turn to your neighbor

Work, Pay, and Gender Pay equity for those in the same job Women typically make less on average than men “Another day, another dollar” – “Another day, another 77 cents” Women earn about 79% of men’s pay in 2013 In Utah 70%

Work, Pay, and Gender Is this discrimination? Yes historically, is it still? Women and men view employment differently Women place a higher value on work/life balance 40% of working wives earn more money than their husbands A future shift in marital power based on income?