Recovery of normal testicular temperature after scrotal heat stress in rams assessed by infrared thermography and its effects on seminal characteristics and testosterone blood serum concentration  Maíra Bianchi Rodrigues Alves, André Furugen Cesar de Andrade, Rubens Paes de Arruda, Leonardo Batissaco, Shirley Andrea Florez- Rodriguez, Bruna Marcele Martins de Oliveira, Mariana Andrade Torres, Renata Lançoni, Gisele Mouro Ravagnani, Roberto Romano do Prado Filho, Vinícius Silva Vellone, João Diego de Agostini Losano, Celso Rodrigues Franci, Marcílio Nichi, Eneiva Carla Carvalho Celeghini  Theriogenology  Volume 86, Issue 3, Pages 795-805.e2 (August 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.034 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Thermography examination images analyzed on FLIR Quick Report software (FLIR Systems, USA). In (A), dorsal, medium, and ventral temperature mean of each scrotal side were analyzed to obtain scrotal superficies mean temperature (SSMT). In (B), an area located adjacent to left eye was delimited to obtain eye area mean temperature (EAMT). Theriogenology 2016 86, 795-805.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.034) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Mean (and SEM) of scrotal superficies temperature (SSMT) obtained by thermography camera FLIR T620 (FLIR Systems, USA) of rams submitted to scrotal insulation (insulated, n = 17) or not (control, n = 16) on the day that insulation bags were removed (Day 3) and on five successive days (Days 4–8). a,bDifferent letters on each time indicates statistical difference (P ≤ 0.05) between groups. SEM, standard error of the mean. Theriogenology 2016 86, 795-805.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.034) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Mean (and SEM) of total motility, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity (VCL), progressive velocity (VSL), path velocity (VAP), lateral head displacement (ALH), linearity (LIN), straightness (STR), beat cross frequency (BCF), and wobble (WOB) of semen from rams submitted to scrotal insulation (insulated, n = 17) or not (control, n = 16) 7 days before scrotal insulation (−7) and 21, 35, 49, 63, and 90 days afterward. a,bDifferent letters on each time indicates statistical difference (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments. SEM, standard error of the mean. Theriogenology 2016 86, 795-805.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.034) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Mean (and SEM) of sperm major, minor and total defects and sperm with plasma membrane integrity, acrosome intact, and high potential of mitochondrial membrane (PIAIH) of rams submitted to scrotal insulation (insulated, n = 17) or not (control, n = 16) 7 days before scrotal insulation (−7) and 21, 35, 49, 63, and 90 days afterward. a,bDifferent letters on each time indicates statistical difference (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments. SEM, standard error of the mean. Theriogenology 2016 86, 795-805.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.034) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Mean (and SEM) of sperm lipid peroxidation induced by TBARS and sperm DNA integrity of rams submitted to scrotal insulation (insulated, n = 17) or not (control, n = 16) 7 days before scrotal insulation (−7) and 21, 35, 49, 63, and 90 days afterward. a,bDifferent letters on each time indicates statistical difference (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments. SEM, standard error of the mean, TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Theriogenology 2016 86, 795-805.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.034) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Mean (and SEM) of scrotal superficies mean temperature (SSMT) and testosterone blood serum concentration of rams submitted to scrotal insulation (insulated, n = 17) or not (control, n = 16) 7 days before scrotal insulation (−7) and 21, 35, 49, 63, and 90 days afterward. SEM, standard error of the mean. Theriogenology 2016 86, 795-805.e2DOI: (10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.034) Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions