Civil Rights Chapters 38 and 39

Plessy v Ferguson 1896 Supreme Court ruled that “separate” public facilities for black and whites Americans as long as they were “equal” “Separate but Equal” us.history.wisc.edu

Jim Crow Laws Laws that restricted African Americans from voting. Grandfather clause Literacy tests Poll tax-money paid to be able to vote 24th Amendment in 1964 eliminated poll taxes

Segregation Segregation-to separate into races Integration- combination of different races De facto segregation- that exists by practice and customs (Ex. Sitting in the back of the bus if you were black.) De jure segregation- by law (Ex. Separate

NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Challenging Segregation in Court NAACP used legal strategy Over the next 23 years, Marshall and his legal team would win 29 out of 32 cases argued before the Supreme Court. www.naacp-treasurevalley.org

Thurgood Marshall The chief lawyer in the fight against Plessy v Ferguson. First African American to sit on the Supreme Court. Filed lawsuits that proved southern black schools were unequal. faculty.washington.edu/.../thurgood_marshall.jpg

Brown v The Board of Education-1954 A Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v Ferguson. “Separate but equal” was unconstitutional. A eight year old Linda Brown wanted to go to an all white school (four blocks from her home) ______________________________________________________________

Central High School 1957 In 1957, Little Rock, Arkansas, Governor Faubus used the National Guard troops to prevent nine black students form enrolling at the all white school. The crisis at Central High forced Pres. Eisenhower to act. Eisenhower ordered the National Guard to protect the nine students.

http://www.centralhigh57.org/photo1.htm

Rosa Parks She acted on her own protest on a bus in Montgomery Alabama on December 1, 1955. It was the spark that ignited the civil rights movement. Bus Boycott-1 year www.soulwalking.co.uk/.../Sister-Rosa-Parks.jpg

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr President of a new group called the Montgomery Improvement Association. Minister/ received his Ph. D from Boston University Leader of the Civil Rights Non-violence of Gandhi Dr. King was 26 years old. Rev. Ralph Abernathy- Associate of MLK www.sois.uwm.edu

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1957 This organization was set up by Dr. Martin Luther King’ It’s purpose was to encourage civil rights movement. Emphasized the need for more blacks to vote. Using the churches NAACP was too slow for MLK Concept of civil disobedience. First director was Ella Baker

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 1960 Student led organization. Student protestors Method used were sit-ins Ella Baker helped to organize students. 1960, the students descended on & desegregated lunch counters in 48 cities (Sit- In’s) libinfo.uark.edu/Libimages/eresources/SNCC.jpg

www.humanrightsblog.org/.../civrightcounter.jpg

Freedom Riders Sought Desegregation in the Deep South through a bus trip across the south. Became violent. The riders would load up buses and register black votes. Anniston, Alabama, about 200 angry whites attacked the bus. www.crmvet.org/crmpics/pins/s-core.jpg

www.crmvet.org/crmpics/pins/s-core.jpg

Results of the Freedom Riders President Kennedy sent 400 US marshals to protect the riders. Interstate Commerce Commission banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities. www.tcnj.edu/.../map%20of%20freedom.riders.gif

MLK: Birmingham Jail www.africanamericans.com/images2/MartinLuther

Project C “Confrontation”- SCLC, to promote confrontations with local white officials and televise the nonviolent protestors vs. the white police.

Governor George Wallace 1963, Pres. Kennedy ordered troops to force Governor Wallace to honor a court order. “Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!” www.washingtonpost.com/.../wallace_sepia.jpg

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A. Philip Randolph Veteran civil rights leader who led a group in organizing a March on Washington DC www.nyupress.org/images/0814782876.gif

March on Washington August 28, 1963 The March drew public support for the civil rights laws. 1963, the largest single demonstration of the early 1960’s. Considered the turning point in the civil rights movement. www.nathanielturner.com/.../aphiliprandolph2.jpg

Martin Luther King’s speech "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'" "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream - 34k - Mar 24, 2007

Lincoln Memorial 250,000 people, more than twice than expected, gathered to demonstrate support of legislation to outlaw racially segregated facilities. Both blacks and whites marched. 25% were white Televised classes.design.ucla.edu/Fall04/161A/projects

Civil Rights Act of 1964 President LBJ passed this law. Eliminated “whites only” public facilities Outlawed racial bias in hiring blacks, non-black minorities Outlawing sexual discrimination against women. (NOW) images.amazon.com/images/P/0737723041.01._AA2

Voting Rights Act of 1965 The act eliminated literacy tests. Federal examiners would enroll voters who had been denied suffrage. African Americans voters rose from 10% to 60% US President Lyndon B. Johnson signed it.

Malcolm X Malcolm Little, went to jail at the age of 20. Malcolm studied the teachings of Ellijah Muhammad head of the Nation of Islam. Black Muslims-whites were the cause of the black condition & blacks should separate from whites. Black Pride noisa.noi.org

Malcolm X His call for armed self defense Malcolm X attention drew resentment from other members of the Nation of Islam. Killed in 1965 Ballots or bullets www.webzinemaker.com

Black Power Stokely Carmichael of SNCC Call for black people to begin to define their own goals. MLK asked Carmichael to stop, instead he (Carmichael) wanted all whites out of SNCC

African Americans “Black Pride” Lew Alcindor- Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Cassius Clay-Muhammad Ali http://www.champ60.com/

Black Panthers 1966, Bobby Seals founded a political party known as the Black Panthers in Oakland, California. www.summeroflove.org/images/vignes/panthers.jpeg

1968 Olympics in Mexico City Tommy Smith and John Carlos giving Black Power Salute, 1968 Olympics, Mexico City www.allposters.com

Dr. Martin Luther King is killed in 1968 April 4, 1968 MLK was assassinated by James Earl Ray. Motel Lorraine Memphis, Tennessee www.soulwalking.co.uk/%A5Artist%20GIF%20Image

James Earl Ray He assassinated Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. April, 1968 in Memphis Tennessee newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/40984000/jpg