Polarized America Chapter 5.

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Polarized America Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Real Spending on House and Senate Campaigns. Source: http://www.fec.gov Note: Adjusted for inflation, spending has nearly tripled in thirty years. The inflation adjustment is to 2012 using the CPI-U series.

Figure 5.3 Measures of Inequality in Individual Campaign Contributions Note: Measures based on the inequality of contributions sizes for all individual contributions over $200.

F = Ideological location [-1, +1] of the contributor S = Standard Deviation of the Contributions of the Contributor

Mean size of contribution Table 5.1 Summary Statistics for Political Action Committees, 2012 Elections, House and Senate Federal Election Commission PAC classification Number Mean number of contributions Mean size of contribution F S Corporate 343 81 3933 0.133 0.379 Labor unions 51 135 4766 -0.358 0.300 Nonconnected PACs 7 106 3626 0.101 0.474 Trade, membership, and professional associations 230 94 3677 0.120 0.381 Cooperatives 16 78 3912 0.007 0.402 Corporations without stock 22 46 2201 0.459 0.251 Unclassified 276 62 3710 0.074 0.327

Figure 5.4 PAC Contribution Patterns Note: Each token in the plot represents a PAC. The letter denotes the PAC type-- Corporate (C), Labor (L), Trade (T), Nonconnected (N), Unaffiliated (U), Cooperative (V), and Corporation without Stock (W). Almost all groups disperse their contributions less than the random giving benchmark of 0.577, shown as a dark black line. The mean S value for the year is shown as a dashed line. The figure includes committees making contributions to thirty or more distinct candidates.

Figure 5.10 Large Individual Contributions by Ideology (F) of Contributor. Note: The large contributors are typically relatively extreme. The figure plots individuals contributing more than $250,000 in the 2012 election cycle.