Lingue e Culture Straniere - LCMC Lingua e Traduzione Inglese 2 A. A Lingue e Culture Straniere - LCMC Lingua e Traduzione Inglese 2 A.A. 2016-17 Enrico Grazzi Notes on translation

The Book of Kells, Erat antem hora tercia, Trinity College, Dublin In the beginning: literary and religious translations The Book of Kells, Erat antem hora tercia, Trinity College, Dublin

Sonia Colina (2003): “(…) A translated text belongs to two superimposed communicative contexts”. One surrounding the text produced for Target-culture receivers One surrounding the source text receivers.

Preface to Ovid’s Epistles, Translated by Several Hands (1680) John Dryden ‘Tis almost impossible to translate verbally, and well, at the same time (…) In short, the verbal copier is encumbered with so many difficulties at once that he can never disentangle himself from all. He is to consider at the same time the thought of his author, and his words, and to find out the counterpart to each in another language (…) Preface to Ovid’s Epistles, Translated by Several Hands (1680)

John Dryden on Translation Imitation (loose approximation of an author’s emotions or passions) Metaphrase (word-for-word translation) Paraphrase (expresses the sense of the original without being enslaved by the words)

Translation Equivalence J.C.Catford (1965) Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). Nida and Taber (1969) Transalting consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

K. Reiss (1971) Translation-related text-typology Language function Representation Expression Appeal Language dimension Logical Aesthetic Dialogic Text type Informative Expressive Operative

From John Kerry’s speech to the 2004 Democratic National Convention “I was born in Colorado, in Fitzsimmons Army Hospital, when my dad was a pilot in World War II.  Now, I'm not one to read into things, but guess which wing of the hospital the maternity ward was in?  I'm not making this up.  I was born in the West Wing!” From John Kerry’s speech to the 2004 Democratic National Convention

Prospective translation a. “In Parliament he fought for equality, but he sent his son to Winchester” “In Parliament he fought for equality, but he sent his son to [the school in] Winchester” b. “When his father died his mother couldn’t afford to send him to Eton anymore.” “When his father died his mother couldn’t afford to send him to Eton [, that expensive private school which still produces most of the elite in politics and business]”

Hans J. Vermeer (1986): (…) a translation is not the transcoding of words or sentences from one language into another, but a complex action in which someone provides information about a text under new functional, cultural and linguistic conditions and in a new situation, whereby formal characteristics are imitated as far as possible.

Nord (1977): Situational features to be identified through ST analysis Function of ST Addressees of ST Time of reception Place of reception Medium of transmission Motive for production of ST (e.g. to announce a conference)

Translation activities, step by step Pre-translation (identify pragmatic factors of the ST/TT) Focus on unclear terminology Focus on language sections (translation difficulties and problems) Post-translation review (professional awareness)

Functional and textual adaptations Componential translation grading criteria Holistic rating of translational competence Meaning Target language Vocabulary Functional and textual adaptations Revision process