DNA Technology

DNA strands are in base pairing. Adenine base pairs with . DNA-Review DNA strands are in base pairing. Adenine base pairs with . Cytosine base pairs with .

Importance Medicine-insulin Forensic sciences-solving crimes Environmental sciences-pollutants National security-genetic profiles of convicted felons

Examples of DNA Technology Gel Electrophoresis (separate DNA molecules) DNA Fingerprinting (images of sequences of DNA) Transgenic Organisms (organisms that have undergone genetic changes, GMO’s) Bacterial Transformations (insertion of a gene into a bacteria)

Gel-Electrophoresis “used to make DNA Fingerprints” Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to visualise DNA on a gel where the DNA molecules are separated according to their size

Gel-Electrophoresis How does it work? How it works: Electricity is run through a gel medium DNA is negatively charged and is attracted to the positive end of the gel Smaller fragments move faster and therefore farther through the gel Stains or dyes are used to view the bands

How does DNA Fingerprinting work? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxWXCT9wVoI

DNA Fingerprinting What does the resulting gel tell a scientist? Crime Scenes Paternity Test Organize DNA fragments to make it easier for scientist to study.

So how do get DNA into a gel? Restriction Enzymes Special enzymes that can cut segments of DNA at specific locations DNA “Scissors” into DNA fragments.

Dolly the Sheep http://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000002496111/dolly-the-sheep.html

Cloning Process of producing similar genetically identical individuals Happens in nature: organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Scientist will use cloning to create copies of DNA fragments, cells or organisms.

Transgenic Organisms A transgenic organism contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted instead of the organism acquiring them through reproduction.

Transgenic organisms video Clarification: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z_CqyB1dQo

Why do GMOS get a bad rep?

Vitamin A deficiency most prevalent in Africa, can cause blindness. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) – Organism that has had its DNA artificially altered to enhance usefulness. Example: Golden Rice Genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene, precursor of vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency most prevalent in Africa, can cause blindness. Vitamin A deficiencies is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 each year.

How do you make a GMO???? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G-yUuiqIZ0

Bacterial Transformation This is a very basic technique that is used on a daily basis in a molecular biological laboratory. What does it mean to transform something???? “Think change” “Think Genetic Change” A process of an organism taking in foreign DNA and through this the foreign gene become expressed

Plasmid can be used to transform bacterial cells Discovered in the late sixties and quickly realized plasmids could be used to make lots of copies of a desired gene. A small circular piece of DNA (about 2,000 to 10,000 base-pairs) Contains important genetic information for the growth of bacteria (GENES)

Bacterial Transformation video How does this work? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSbTWaR6Lzk

Bacterial Transformation-Purpose Technique: introduce a foreign plasmid into a bacteria and use bacteria to amplify the plasmid. WHY DO THIS?? Make large quantities of copies . Scientist use bacterial transformation to produce large amounts of proteins, like INSULIN!

Insulin-very important Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood all needed organs of the body. A person who has diabetes has either Type 1 or Type 2. Type 1: your pancreas does not make insulin Type 2: your body does not use insulin properly, insulin resistance

Bacterial Transformation used to make insulin. Insert DNA into Plasmid Insert Plasmid back into bacteria Plasmid will multiply Bacteria will Reproduce Bacteria Produce Proteins Isolate the product

Genome A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. In humans, a copy of the entire genome—more than 3 billion DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that have a nucleus. 6 Feet long.

Human Genome Project 2003 Determined the sequence of the human genome and identified the genes within genome. As researchers learn more about the functions of genes and proteins, this knowledge will have a major impact in the fields medicine biotechnology life sciences.

Human Genome Project Goals Accurately sequence 3 billion DNA base pairs within the human genome Find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes Find genes which define our phenotypes Find genes whose alteration leads to disease

Gene Therapy-developed from the Human Genome Project! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eR_vfeoOSQg Insert normal genes into cells Replace missing or defective genes Hopefully can correct genetic disorders. Gene therapy is currently only being tested, on humans, for the treatment of diseases that have no other cures.

Example: Cancer, Leukemia Patients white blood cells removed and treated with a virus Genetically altered cells to seek a protein that sits on the surface of the cancer cells. White blood cells returned to the patients White blood cells attack cancer cells 26 experienced complete remission.