CHAPTER 15 SECTION 1

AFTER THE WAR Reconstruction- A period in history where Confederate states must change to rejoin the U.S. Economic Political Social Social reconstruction involved development of Social, Economic and Political status for African-Americans

EMANCIPATION Emancipation Proclamation- Issued by President Abraham Lincoln January1st,1863 Texas didn’t consider themselves under U.S. rule and ignored the proclamation. Gen. Gordon Granger travel on June 19th 1865, to Galveston and by authority of the president, declared all slaves to be free June 19th celebrated as day of freedom in Texas. “Juneteenth”

EMANCIPATION Freed slaves were known as “Freedman” Many didn’t have jobs or homes, traveled to cities for work. Established communities known as “Freedtowns” Searched for family members Some stayed on plantations for a wage Sharecroppers

FREEDMAN’S BUREAU Created by U.S. Congress, to help former slaves faced new challenges of freedom. Food Shelter Medicine Finding Employment Representation in court system Major contribution in providing schools for African-Americans, by 1870, 100 schools.

RECONSTRUCTION PLANS Johnson’s PLAN PROVISIONS 1. States had to end slavery 2. Declare their succession illegal 3. Cancel all war debt 4. Pledge loyalty to U.S. to regain right to vote

CONSTITUTION OF 1866 Texas changed constitution back to the way it was before secession and cancelled all war debt, along with ending slavery. Texas refused to ratify the thirteenth amendment that made slavery illegal in U.S. Texas also denied civil rights to African-Americans

THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

“BLACK CODES” African-Americans assigned second class citizens African-American men were not allowed: To vote Hold public office Serve on a jury Use same public transportation as whites Texas Homestead Law allowed free land for citizens but excluded African-Americans

CONGRESS’ REACTION Even though President Johnson admitted Texas back into Union, Congress did not. Congress held the power to admit states to the union, rejected Texas. A group in Congress called the Radical Republicans believed Congress should control the reconstruction of the south.

James W. Throckmorton After moving to Texas with his family in 1841, James W. Throckmorton practiced medicine and law before being elected to the Texas legislature. He fought against secession alongside Sam Houston prior to the Civil War and was one of the delegates who voted against secession in 1861. After the war, Throckmorton was appointed governor of Texas, but he was removed from office the following year. He later served as a Texas representative in the U.S. Congress.

CHAPTER 15 SECTIONS 2&3

Many Texans resisted the requirements of Reconstruction. Others believed that Texans should do whatever was needed to rejoin the Union as quickly as possible. Texan John H. Reagan, former postmaster general of the Confederacy, was put in prison in Boston for several months after the Civil War. He wrote advice to his fellow Texans from his prison cell in August 1865. To the People of Texas: . . . I take the liberty of suggesting to you . . . to accept the present condition of things, as the result of war. . . . The State occupies the condition of a conquered nation. State government and State sovereignty are in abeyance, and will be so until you adopt a government and policy acceptable to the conquerors. A refusal to accede to these conditions would only result in prolongation of the time during which you will be deprived of a civil government of your own choice. John H. Reagan, letter from prison, August 11, 1865

RECONSTRUCTION PLANS Johnson’s PLAN PROVISIONS Radical Republicans 1. States had to end slavery 2. Declare their succession illegal 3. Cancel all war debt 4. Pledge loyalty to U.S. to regain right to vote Radical Republicans 1.People from Confederacy couldn’t hold public office without Congress’ approval 2. Cancelled public debt held by Confederacy 3. End Slavery by accepting 14th Amendment

FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

RECONSTRUCTION PLANS Johnson’s PLAN PROVISIONS Radical Republicans 1. States had to end slavery 2. Declare their succession illegal 3. Cancel all war debt 4. Pledge loyalty to U.S. to regain right to vote Radical Republicans 1..People from Confederacy couldn’t hold public office without Congress’ approval 2. Cancelled public debt held by Confederacy 3. End Slavery by accepting 14th Amendment Congressional 1.Placed Confederate states under military rule 2. Divided 10 states into 5 military districts 3. Required states to eliminate “Black Codes”

KU KLUX KLAN The Klan’s goals were to restore Democratic control of the South and to keep former slaves powerless.The Klan attacked African Americans. Often it targeted those who owned land or had become wealthy. The Klan also attacked white Republicans. Klan victims had little protection. The Klan used threats and violence to prevent African Americans from voting or registering to vote. Despite their efforts, nearly 50,000 African American men registered to vote in Texas. In fact, ten elected delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1868–1869 were African Americans.

CONSTITUTION OF 1869 Declared the constitution of U.S. as law. Guaranteed the right of all men to vote regardless of race, color, or former conditions Established the foundation for a public school system Centralized system of law enforcement.

RECONSTRUCTION PLANS Johnson’s Davis PLAN PROVISIONS 1. States had to end slavery 2. Declare their succession illegal 3. Cancel all war debt 4. Pledge loyalty to U.S. to regain right to vote Radical Republicans 1..People from Confederacy couldn’t hold public office without Congress’ approval 2. Cancelled public debt held by Confederacy 3. End Slavery by accepting 14th Amendment Congressional 1.Placed Confederate states under military rule 2. Divided 10 states into 5 military districts 3. Required states to eliminate “Black Codes.” Davis 1.Gave authority to declare martial law 2. Authority to appoint individuals to public office 3.Created state police force and militia.

TEXAS READMITTED TO UNION Fifteenth Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

RECONSTRUCTION PLANS Johnson’s Davis PLAN PROVISIONS 1. States had to end slavery 2. Declare their succession illegal 3. Cancel all war debt 4. Pledge loyalty to U.S. to regain right to vote Radical Republicans 1..People from Confederacy couldn’t hold public office without Congress’ approval 2. Cancelled public debt held by Confederacy 3. End Slavery by accepting 14th Amendment Congressional 1.Placed Confederate states under military rule 2. Divided 10 states into 5 military districts 3. Required states to eliminate “Black Codes.” Davis 1.Gave authority to declare Martial law 2. Authority to appoint individuals to public office 3.Created state police force and militia 1876 Constitution 1. Set aside land grants for education, railroads, and homesteads 2. Allowed legislature to meet every other year 3. Stripped governor & Lt. Governor of power.