Afghanistan Pashtunwali Mujahideen Identify/explain factors historically leading to instability in Afghanistan Pashtunwali Explain US involvement in Afghanistan from 1979-present day Mujahideen

HW for Monday: Audio lesson on blackboard with notes document Be able to answer: Explain the relationship between the US and Iran from the 1950s - present Shah of Iran Mohammed Mossadeq Ayatollah Khomeini Iranian Hostage crisis Iran-Iraq War USS Vincennes Uranium Enrichment

Pentagon powerpoint slide

Map and Important Data Capital: Kabul Area: 251,825 sq mi; slightly smaller than Texas Population: 31,056,997 (July 2006 estimate) 80% Sunni Muslim, 19% Shia Muslim Main ethnic groups: Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek GDP per capita: purchasing power parity - $800 (2004 estimate) Over 80% of labor force is employed in agriculture (farming, sheep, goats) Covered by an estimated 5-7 million landmines Leading illicit opium producer in 2005 supplying 89% of the opium produced in the world. 1/3 of the GDP comes from opium trade

Afghanistan joins railroad era

Ethnic Groups Map Pashtun: largest ethnic group, mostly farmers and Sunni Muslims Tajik: live mostly in the northeast, second largest ethnic group, mostly Sunni Muslims Hazara: live in the Hindu Kush mountains, primarily Shiite Muslims Uzbek: live mostly along the northern border, mostly Sunni Muslims Aimaqs: a farming and herding tribe in the west, mostly Sunni Muslims Turkmen and Kirghiz: nomadic herders and craftsmen, mostly Sunni Muslims Baluch: nomadic tribe living in the southern deserts, Sunni Muslims

Typical afghan village

pashtunwali Unwritten code, means “way of the Pashtuns” Over 3000 years old, predates Islam Has 9 main principles: Hospitality regardless of race, religion, ect. Asylum to someone who needs it from their enemies. Person must be protected at all costs Seek justice or revenge against wrongdoer – whether it is injustice committed today or 1000 years ago. Only way of seeking revenge is through bloodshed. Bravery – must always defend land, family and women Loyalty to friends, family, tribe Righteousness Trust in god Respect others, especially those you do not know (golden rule) Honor of women – at all costs. From vocal or physical harm.

History – traditionally a buffer state RUSSIAN BRITISH

1933-73: Pro West Ruler Zahir Shah rules Afghanistan. Very stable

1979 – Soviets invade to prop up communist government Afghan populace in revolt against atheist government US aids mujahedeen in war against USSR from 1979-89

After soviet withdrawal, civil war follows Taliban bring order to chaos and war Take over most of country by 1996

US invades 2001 Taliban had provided asylum to Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda (Pashtunwali) After 9/11, refused to hand him over Much of Al Qaeda and Taliban escape into mountains along border Taliban has reasserted power since 2004

Since 9/11 – afghanistan Attempted to set up working democracy Hamid Karzai president of increasingly corrupt govt. from 2004-2014 Taliban begins to reassert self from 2004- present Opium production continues as major issue US utilized troop surge tactic in closing years of war. Currently no US combat troops

Troop levels 2013= ~38,000 At peak in 2011: ~91,000 In 2008 – 35,000

International impact Worldwide potential drug production, 1998–2001 (in metric tons) Drug 1998 1999 2000 2001 Coca Total Coca 586,100 613,400 664,200 655,800     Bolivia 52,900 22,800 26,800 20,200     Colombia 437,600 521,400 583,000 583,000*     Peru 95,600 69,200 54,400 52,600 Opium Total Opium 4,486 4,280 5,010 1,236     Afghanistan 2,340 2,861 3,656 74     Pakistan 66 37 11 5     Subtotal     SW Asia 2,406 2,898 3,667 79     Burma 1,750 1,090 1,085 865     Laos 140 210 200     Thailand 16 6     Vietnam 20 15     Subtotal     SE Asia 1,926 1,247 1,316 1,086     Subtotal     other     countries 154 135 27 71 Cannabis Total Cannabis 15,800 11,200 14,500 14,900     Mexico 8,300 3,700 7,000 7,400 4,000     Other 3,500

Afghanistan 2 Living with the Taliban