Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America CHAPTER 20 4/20/2018 CHAPTER 20 Enlightenment and Revolution in England and America Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Section 4: The Enlightenment Section 5: The American Revolution

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Objectives: Explore what led to the conflicts between Charles I and Parliament. Examine how the rebellion in Ireland helped start the English Civil War. Identify who would have supported the two sides in the English Revolution. Investigate what led to the downfall of republican government in England.

James V of Scotland 1587-1625 James I of England 1603-1625

Charles I 1625-1648

Charles I and Parliament Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Charles I and Parliament Charles I believed in divine right of kings was married to a French Catholic princess Parliament opposed his tax measures Made a forced loan on merchants of London 1628 Parliament passed the Petiton of Right Said that the King could not tax without the consent of Parliament Charles ruled for 11 years without Parliament

Charles I and Parliament Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Charles I and Parliament 11 Years Tyranny No Parliament for 11 years 1639 Rebellion in Scotland Rebelled against Charles because he wanted the Scots to follow the Anglican Church Charles needed money to fight the war, had to recall Parliament

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Parliament Recalled The Short Parliament Recalled in 1639 and began to question Charles’ rule over the last 11 years Charles dismissed them Had to immediately recall them

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution The Long Parliament 1640-53 Parliament took away Charles’ right to dissolve Parliament New Parliament passed laws Parliament had to meet every 3 years King could not pass taxes without Parliament’s consent Tried his advisors for treason Made absolute rule impossible

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution The Long Parliament 1640-53 Over the next two years Scottish rebellion broke out again Rebellion also broke out in Ireland Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army Charles refused to compromise, led troops into House of Commons to arrest opponents Neither side would compromise Result was the English Civil War

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution English Civil War 1642-49 Cavaliers – called royalists, supported the king Roundheads – supported Parliament Oliver Cromwell Took charge of Roundheads and became English leader organized New Model Army and defeated Charles Rump Parliament – abolished monarchy and House of Lords, proclaimed England a commonwealth, tried Charles I for treason

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution English Civil War 1642-49 Charles executed in 1649 Cromwell still faced rebellions in Scotland and Ireland Created a very powerful army to deal with them Rebellions prevented him from forming a representative government Powerful army discouraged other groups from acting against Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector) 1648-1659

Cromwell’s Commonwealth 1649-1660 Section 1: Civil War and Revolution Cromwell’s Commonwealth 1649-1660 Raised money from taxes and land sales Army was disciplined and powerful Enemies had no organized army Encouraged trade and manufacturing

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution End of the Revolution Cromwell quarreled with Parliament, then dissolved it Cromwell died in 1658 His successor was weak 1660 The monarch restored Charles II ruled 1660-85

Civil War and Revolution Section 1: Civil War and Revolution End of the Revolution

Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Objectives: Explain how religious attitudes affected the rule of Charles II and James II. Describe how Parliament reduced the power of the monarchy after the Restoration. Identify the principal features of Britain’s limited constitutional monarchy.

Charles II 1660-1685 Charles II 1660-85 Charles Methods Used secrecy to gain his ends Avoided fights with Parliament Sought to increase toleration for Catholics

The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Political parties develop Tories supported Anglican Church Were willing to accept James II as King Whigs opposed having Catholic ruler Wanted to deny the throne to James

James II 1685-1689 (Duke of York)

The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution 1688 bloodless transfer of power in English monarchy Parliament invited William and Mary to take the throne Parliament feared that James II would create a line of Catholic rulers

William (III) and Mary (II) 1689-1702

Political Philosophers Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Political Philosophers Chaos of the period led to new philosophers Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan Believed people acted out of self-interest Only the strong ruled Exchange political luiberty in return for security John Locke Believed that the purpose of government was to protect individual rights and property

Changes in English Government Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Changes in English Government Habeas Corpus Act Declaration of Rights protected individuals against unfair arrest and imprisonment, unfairly high bail, or cruel or unusual punishment Parliament gained power Toleration Act and Act of Settlement religious freedoms to Dissenters, but not Roman Catholics or Jews; Act of Settlement kept Catholics from the English throne

Constitutional Monarchy in England Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England Parliamentary Rule Growing power of Parliament monarch must consult with Parliament cabinet and prime minister held by the majority party Prime Minister heads the government Act of Union united England and Scotland into Great Britain Constitutional monarchy

Anne 1702-1714

English Colonial Expansion Section 3: English Colonial Expansion Objectives: Investigate who the sea dogs were and what they accomplished. Explore the results of the British mercantilist policy.

The Beginnings of the British Empire Section 3: English Colonial Expansion The Beginnings of the British Empire Latecomers to America because of troubles at home Explorers and sea dogs English sea captains who attacked the Portuguese and Spanish monopolies of sea trade and raided the invaders plundered foreign ships helped defeat Spanish Armada

The Beginnings of the British Empire Section 3: English Colonial Expansion The Beginnings of the British Empire Explorers John Cabot gave a foothold in North America Henry Hudson explored North American rivers The British in India – British East India Company Set up trading posts in India Won over native rulers with support and loyalty Monopoly on tea

English Colonial Expansion Section 3: English Colonial Expansion The British in America British settlements Wanted to find a Northwest Passage to Asia Roanoke Island first colony (1585) failed Jamestown (1607) Relied on slaves Plymouth (1620) Religious dissenters

English Colonial Expansion Section 3: English Colonial Expansion The British in America Founded colonies in Caribbean and Bermuda Sugar colonies that relied on slavery Mercantilism and the British colonies discouraged colonial manufacturing and forced colonists to sell certain products only to Britain

The Enlightenment Objectives: Section 4: Identify the principal characteristics of Enlightenment thinking. Analyze the similarities and differences in the ideas of important Enlightenment philosophers.

Thinkers of the Enlightenment Section 4: The Enlightenment Thinkers of the Enlightenment Believed that natural law governed human behavior Laws of nature that govern the universe and all creatures truth could be determined by logic, secularism, and individualism

The Enlightenment Political Criticism Section 4: Montesquieu Voltaire government divided into branches to create checks on political power Voltaire criticized intolerance and attempts to suppress personal freedoms

The Enlightenment Political Criticism Section 4: Rousseau distrusted reason, opposed strong government, supported popular sovereignty Philosophes (Denis Diderot) Wrote Encyclopedia Criticized slavery, torture, tax system and war

The American Revolution Section 5: The American Revolution Objectives: Explain how Americans responded to British policies after the French and Indian War. Describe what type of government Americans set up after the American Revolution.

The American Revolution Section 5: The American Revolution Empire and Conflict British-French rivalry Seven Years’ War British won control of much of North America Increased imperial control Sugar Act, Stamp Act “taxation without representation” Mercantilist policies stifled American trade

The American Revolution Section 5: The American Revolution Empire and Conflict British closed American ports (Boston, 1774) Laws were known as the Intolerable Acts American Revolution Begins (1775) Intensified conflict colonists hardened their resistance to British policies Signed the Declaration of Independence

American Independence Section 5: The American Revolution American Independence The Declaration of Independence government is created to protect individual rights cannot exist without the consent of the governed who can alter or abolish it The war for independence (1775-83) weak American government brutal Hessian mercenaries strong American military leadership

American Independence Section 5: The American Revolution American Independence War and peace French alliance with United States Spain and Netherlands brought American victory

The American Revolution Section 5: The American Revolution Governing a New Nation The Articles of Confederation (Adopted 1781) weak central government placed power in individual states The Constitution(1789) federal government with three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial Bill of Rights guaranteed citizens certain rights

The American Revolution Section 5: The American Revolution Governing a New Nation Effects of American independence democracy that inspired loyalty

Vocabulary List (Define in your notes!) Act of Settlement Act of Union Articles of Confederation Glorious Revolution Habeus Corpus Act Instrument of Government of 1653 National Covenant Rump Parliament Navigation Act of 1651 Stamp Act Commonwealth Oliver Cromwell Thomas Jefferson Sea Dogs Montesquieu Whigs Tories