Power Factor Correction The Definitive power solution

Presentation Content Introduction The basic concepts Types of power Power Factor What is Power Factor Correction and it’s benefits Typical power factors Reactive charges Savings Carbon emissions - calculation SDC Products When does payback begin?

Introduction To obtain the best economic advantage from your electricity supply, both the generating plant and your own plant should be operated at high efficiency. To maintain this level of efficiency, a high power factor throughout the system is essential.

The Basic Concepts Most loads on an electrical distribution system can be categorised into three main types: Resistive Inductive Capacitive The most common type of load is inductive. For example, fluorescent lights, transformers and AC induction motors.

Types of Power Active power actually performs the work and is measured in kW. This is also what is read on a wattmeter. Reactive power sustains the electromagnetic field and is measured in kvar.

Power Factor Power Factor is the measurement of how effectively your business uses the electricity supplied to your site Ideal Power Factor is unity or 1, anything less than 1 means that extra power is required to achieve the necessary tasks. The higher the power factor, the more effectively electrical power is being used and vice versa. Low Power Factor is expensive and inefficient, with many utility companies charging extra, (reactive power charge), for sites with a poor power factor Low Power Factor can also reduce the capacity of your electrical distribution system by increasing current flow and causing voltage drops.

Power Factor is the ratio of true power to apparent power Power Factor = KW KVA

Power Factor Correction (PFC) Power Factor Correction is the term given to a technology to restore Power Factor to as close to unity as economically viable This can be achieved by adding Power Factor Correction capacitors to the distribution system which provide or compensate for the Reactive Power demand of the inductive load, and thus reduce the burden on the supply Capacitors work as reactive current generators “providing” needed reactive power (KVAr) into the power supply By supplying their own source of reactive power, the industrial user frees the utility from having to supply it, and therefore the total amount of apparent power supplied by the utility will be less. Power Factor Correction Capacitors reduce the total current drawn from the distribution system and subsequently increase the system’s capacity by raising the Power Factor level.

Principles of Correcting Power Factor

Benefits of PFC A reduction in electricity charges Elimination of utility power factor penalties, which can increase electrical bills by up to 20% Reduction in I²R losses of transformers and distribution equipment Prolonging the life of equipment from reduced heat in cables, switchgear, transformers and alternators Reduced voltage drop in cables, allowing the same cable to supply a larger motor and improving the starting of motors at the end of the long cable runs Reduction in Carbon Emissions

How Does Power Factor Correction Work

Power Factor and Current Relationship

Typical Power Factors

Reactive Charges To obtain the best economic advantage from your electricity supply, both the generating plant and your own plant should be operated at high efficiency. To do this, a high power factor throughout the system is essential.

Savings Examples PFC – The Sawmill PFC – The Sawmill SUPPLY : 11KV MAXIMUM DEMAND 5320KW POWER FACTOR 0.8 ANNUAL CONSUMPTION 28,728,000KWH REACTIVE HOURS 21,538,246 (this gives a power factor of 0.8) IF YOU WANT TO OBTAIN A POWER FACTOR OF 0.98, REACTIVE HOURS MUST EQUAL 5,829,114 DIFFERENCE 21,538,246 – 5,829,114 = 15,709,132KVArh PRICE 0.15p / Reactive Hour PENALTY £23,563.00 AMOUNT OF KVAR REQUIRED TO IMPROVE PF TO 0.98 3000kvar PAYBACK 1 YEAR CARBON SAVINGS (kg/annum) 283,200kg A FURTHER SAVING WILL ALSO BE MADE ON CAPACITY CHARGES : EXISTING CAPACITY 5320 ÷ 0.8 = 6650 NEW CAPACITY 5320 ÷ 0.98 = 5428 6650 – 5428 = 1222 1222 @ £6.42/KVA/ANNUM = £7,845 TOTAL SAVING £23,563.00 + £7,845 = £31,408

PFC – The Engineering Works SUPPLY : 415V MAXIMUM DEMAND 750KW POWER FACTOR 0.7 ANNUAL CONSUMPTION 2,512,000KWH REACTIVE HOUR SAVING BY IMPROVING POWER FACTOR TO 0.98 2,009,600 PRICE PER REACTIVE HOUR 0.263 ANNUAL SAVING £5,285 PRESENT CAPACITY 750 ÷ 0.7 = 1071KVA NEW CAPACITY 750 ÷ 0.98 = 765KVA DIFFERENCE 1071 – 765 = 306KVA AT A COST OF £4.89 TOTAL SAVING 4.89 X 306 = £1500 + £5285 = £6785 CAPACITANCE REQUIRED 600kvar PAYBACK 2 YEARS CARBON SAVINGS (kg/annum) 56,640kg

PFC – The Office MAXIMUM DEMAND : 220KW POWER FACTOR 0.65 ANNUAL CONSUMPTION 980,000KWh REACTIVE HOUR SAVING BY IMPROVING POWER FACTOR TO 0.98 931,361 PRICE PER REACTIVE HOUR 0.263p ANNUAL SAVING £2,450 PRESENT CAPACITY 220 ÷ 0.65 = 338KVA NEW CAPACITY 220 ÷ 0.98 = 224KVA DIFFERENCE 338 – 224 = 114KVA AT A COST OF 4.89 x 114 = £560 PER ANNUM TOTAL SAVING 560 + 2450 = £3010 CAPACITANCE REQUIRED 200KVAr PAYBACK 1.5 YEARS CARBON SAVINGS (kg/annum) 18,880kgs

Carbon Emissions - Calculation Savings on CO2 emissions EXAMPLE : Based on typical operational hours of 300 per month (savings will obviously increase if your monthly usage is higher than average), your CO2 savings will be as follows: Amount of hours in use x months per year x kw losses x CO2 for each kWh generated* 300 x 12 x 0.05962W* x 0.44kg* = 94.4kg/CO2 per kvar per annum. Multiply this amount by the amount of kvar on the unit supplied. 2 x 300KVAr x 94.4 *Constant as per DETR calculation. TOTAL CO2 SAVINGS PER ANNUM = 56,640kg Example of the Power Factor calculator which can be found on our website.

SDC Industries SDC Industries have been producing a wide range of Power Factor Correction equipment since 1978 and can supply equipment for both low and high voltage systems. It is the knowledge and experience of our Managing Directors and in-house engineers that have led us to become industry leaders in this field. Here at SDC Industries, we pride ourselves in all our products being made in Britain. Each piece of equipment is designed and manufactured in our premises in East Kilbride, Scotland, by fully qualified and highly experienced electrical engineers and electrical fitters. SDC Industries offer a free-of-charge Power Factor Correction Survey, anywhere in the UK mainland.

PFC PRODUCTS VARCAP II A range of high integrity power capacitors designed to meet the needs of smaller electrical loads. Self-healing, non-toxic capacitors suitable for use on a 415V, 3-Phase, 50Hz system, designed and tested to IEC60831-1&2, EN60831-1&2, VDE0560-46&47 International Standards.

VARPAC High integrity power capacitors in metal enclosures, complete with a suitably rated circuit breaker, designed to meet the needs of smaller electrical installations. Self-healing, non-toxic capacitors suitable for use on a 415V, 3 phase, 50Hz system. Capacitors are designed and tested to IEC60831-1&2, EN60831-1&2, VDE0560-46&47, circuit breakers to IEC157, BS4752.

VARMATIC CLASSIC High integrity power capacitors, in automatically controlled banks designed to meet the needs of electrical systems with fluctuating loads. Self-healing, non-toxic capacitors with switching stages from 10-65KVAr, and overall bank rating a maximum of 200KVAr at 415V, 3 phase 50 Hz.

VARMATIC SENATOR High integrity power capacitors, in a prestige enclosure, featuring automatically controlled switching stages, designed to meet the needs of the larger electrical system with a fluctuating load. Self-healing, non-toxic capacitors with switching stages from 10-50KVAr, and overall bank rating a maximum of 900KVAr at 415V, 3 phase, 50Hz.

PRODUCTS VARCAP II VARPAC

VARMATIC CLASSIC

VARMATIC SENATOR

When Does Payback Begin? PAYBACK BEGINS AT THE DESIGN STAGE By including PFC in the design of your distribution system (whether existing, new, or if you plan to expand), the size of transformers, switchgear, and cables can all be reduced. In addition, the money you save on Reactive Charges will also be recouped upon installation of the equipment. Carbon emissions will reduce dramatically with the installation of PFC equipment.

Kelvin Industrial Estate 18 Colvilles Place Kelvin Industrial Estate East Kilbride United Kingdom G75 0PZ Tel: +44(0)1355 265959 Email: info@sdcindustries.co.uk Web: www.sdcindustries.co.uk