Latin America & European Nationalism Review for Unit Test

1. What were the goals and successes of each of these Latin American nationalist leaders? a. Simon Bolivar Wealthy Venezuelan Creole Fought for and achieved independence from Spain in Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia

1. What were the goals and successes of each of these Latin American nationalist leaders? b. Jose de San Martin Military officer and Creole Born in Argentina Fought for and achieved independence from Spain in Argentina, Chile & Peru

c. Toussaint L’Ouverture 1. What were the goals and successes of each of these Latin American nationalist leaders? c. Toussaint L’Ouverture Self-educated former slave on the French Colony of Santo Domingo (Haiti) During French Revolution, the slaves rose up with L’Ouverture as their skillful leader. He ended slavery on the island and achieved independence from France.

What concepts should you associate with these 3 individuals? INDEPENDENCE NATIONALISM ENLIGHTENMENT IDEALS

2. List at least six causes of the Latin American Revolutions. A bsolute monarchy in Spain C reoles denied power N ationalism E nlightenment ideas M ercantilism N ative Americans oppressed A merican & French Revolutions E ncomienda System Make sure you understand why these are causes!!

3. Describe the rigid social class structure in the Spanish colonies in Latin America. Make sure you define each of the following groups. RIGID means you cannot change your social class – you are born into it. In Latin American colonies – it was based on race/ethnicity. Peninsular: Born in Spain Creole: Spanish descent; born in New World Mestizos: mixed Native American and Spanish Mulattoes: mixed African and Spanish The closer you were to Spanish ancestry – the higher your social status.

4. What revolutions inspired the Latin American independence leaders 4. What revolutions inspired the Latin American independence leaders? Why? The American and French Revolutions inspired the Latin Americans! 1789 French Revolution 1776 American Revolution If they can free themselves from tyranny, why can’t the Latin Americans do it too ? Enlightenment ideas!

5. Define imperialism. Imperialism: A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically and/or socially. (Like Spain in the Latin American colonies)

6. What three areas of the world are considered Latin America? Central America Caribbean Islands South America All are south of the United States

7. What is regionalism and how did Latin America’s geography affect its development following independence? Regionalism: Diverse landscapes and physical barriers have hindered unity. Separate and diverse cultures develop with loyalty only to their region. (Due to landforms like the Andes Mountains, Amazon Rain Forest, Atacama Desert, smooth coastline, etc. very distinct cultures developed in Latin America - they had little contact with one another. Bolivar’s dream of a unified South America was never realized because of this.)

8. Describe the economic practice of mercantilism in the colonies of the New World. What did the colonies provide for the Mother country?   Mercantilism: An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. The colony exists for the benefit of the mother country!! Colony Provides Mother Country Provides Gold and Silver Raw Materials Labor Market for manufactured goods (Can only trade with the mother country) Manufactured goods Military Protection

9. What was the Encomienda System? A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. What happened to the Native American population as a result of Spanish colonization in the Americas? Many of the Native Americans died of disease and abuse.

10. After Latin American independence in the early 19th century (1800s): What social class gained the majority of power? Wealthy Creole Landowners The caudillos (military strongmen) ended up taking power and establishing what type of government? They established military dictatorships (these replaced the new and inexperienced democracies)

11. Who were the leaders of the Italian and German unification movements? What were their goals and successes? A. Guiseppe Garibaldi Nationalist leader who, with his Red Shirt army, freed southern Italy from foreign control and helped to unite it with the north. Italy became a unified, independent nation in 1861.

11. Who were the leaders of the Italian and German unification movements? What were their goals and successes? B. Otto von Bismarck Nationalist leader who, through Blood & Iron (3 wars), unified the German sates. He used realpolitik: more practical than ethical politics to achieve his goals. Germany became a unified and powerful independent nation headed by Kaiser Wilhelm in 1871.

12. Define nationalism. The belief that people’s greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.

12. What six bonds between people lead to nationalism and the creation of nation-states? Religion Territory Language History Culture Nation-State Nationality

13. In what countries/empires was nationalism a unifying force? Why? France Germany Italy Nationalism was unifying in these countries because they shared the common bonds of language, ethnicity, history, culture, religion, etc.

. In what countries/empires was nationalism a dividing force? Why? Austrian-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire Russian Empire Nationalism was dividing force in these areas because they had different languages, ethnicities, histories, cultures, religions, etc. 10 different ethnic groups in Austria –Hungary –no common bond!

Study for your test! Suggestions: Make an outline from your notes of just the main ideas - we store information more securely when we write it out. Make flashcards for studying vocabulary or events and important dates. You can use the Quizlet site too! Have a friend, parent or sibling test you on your study guide. Read the information out loud – it means mentally storing it in two ways: seeing it and hearing it. Ask questions! If there’s something you aren’t quite understanding, please ask me about it.