Analytical study of forced migration and international security FINDING HOMES Analytical study of forced migration and international security ADARSH BADRI 1530901 Christ University, Bangalore

“Help us, we suffer too much in Africa, help us.”

What is forced Migration? Refers to the person moved against his will, or when the move is initiated because of external factors, such as natural disasters, war and persecution IASFM (International Association for Study of Forced Migration): “refers to the movement of refugees and internally displaced people as well as people displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famines or developmental projects.” Terms like, Boat People and Desperate Migration, used. UNHCR estimates about 65.6 million people forcibly displaced throughout the world, of which 22.5 million as refugees. 10 million are people are stateless, denied nationality, rights, freedom of movement.

Recent Instances of Forced Migration Central African Republics Nigeria Syria In 2013 – Hundreds killed by Militants Thousands forced to escape into forests Today, 450,000 CAR refugees in Cameron Chad Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Congo Boko-Haram Insurgency displaced 2.5 million 8.5 million need of humanitarian assistance 200,000 people fled to Cameron Chad Niger Since 2011, over 5 million people fled. Millions have been displaced Seeking safety in Lebanon Jordon Turkey and beyond. 2.9 million registered refugees hosted in the country.

Recent Instances of Forced Migration Iraq Afghanistan Myanmar Millions of Iraqis forced to leave their homes for over a decade. Rise of ISIS and spread of violence 1.8 million Iraqis and Syrians refuge in Kurdistan region of Iraq Since 2014, 3 million people displaced across the country. Millions of Afghans forced to flee for over two decades Cold War, and Rise of Taliban Migrated to Pakistan Iran European Nations 290,000 Rohingya forced to flee to Bangladesh escaping violence in Myanmar in August 2017 Rakhine State, Sunni Sect Rohingyas Harassed by Myanmar Army and forced to serve as slave labour Systematically persecuted by Buddhist Majority

European Dreams In 2015, 1.2 million refugees and migrants reached the European shores, most fleeing conflict and persecution Afghanistan and Syrian refugees have resorted to this practice. Smugglers – advertisements in Facebook and WhatsApp – selling European Dreams – Prices on Demand and Supply Afghan travellers – less informed – Sexual exploitation Africa and Sub-Saharans – travel – Mediterranean Shores – Italy, Malta, Spain, Greece.

Causal Factors Natural Disasters Environmental Disasters Civil War Genocide and Ethnic Conflicts Persecution Egon Kunz (1973) – historical refugee flows into – Kinetic Model – Outside forces act to “Push” refugees out of an unstable area Anticipatory Flow: refugees – fleeing before the crisis – to safety country Acute Flow: Crisis causing thousands to flee to neighbouring countries

General Trend Refugees – travel to neighbouring countries – disproportionately carry the brunt of impact and cost of migration Most of these host nations are poor and not very well developed More than 50 percent of the refugees are hosted in parts of Africa – 17 percent hosted in Europe But the debate has always been “Euro-Centric”

Refugees and International Security Is National Security more important or Human Security? Is it the security of the state or should we focus on security of refugees?

Conclusion Legal Refugees – Mandatory Repartition Illegal Refugees – Deportation Result is the same, in both cases, they are forced to leave the country UNHCR states three durable solutions Safe, voluntary repartition Local integration Third-Country settlement (only 1 percent of refugees) World community must – contribute funds for refugee welfare SEZs in host countries – Made by Refugees

Bibliography Moses, Jonathan. 2004, International Migration: Globalisation’s Last Frontier, ­Zed Books: London, p. 1. Weinstein, Jay A., and Vijayan K. Pillai. 2001, Demography: The Science of Population. Allyn and Bacon: Boston. Chamie, J., 2013. The Dillemma of Desperate Migration. Humanitarian aid adds incentives for migrants to take risks in fleeing homelands. YaleGlobal, 14.11. < http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/ dilemma-desperation- migration > [Accessed: 24 Nov. 2017]. Refugees, U. (2017). Figures at a Glance. UNHCR. <http://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html> [Accessed 25 Aug. 2017]. Stola, Dariusz. 1992. Forced Migration in Central European History. International Migration Review 26:324-341

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