Birth of modern state and the formation of “Europe”

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Presentation transcript:

II. Peace of Westphalia and the beginning of modern international relations

Birth of modern state and the formation of “Europe” Main characteristics of 16th century European Diplomacy Thirty Year’s War and the Peace of Westphalia Development under Westphalian system

International relations v 2.0 is coming… Renaissance Reformation Great Discovery Nation State

Great Discovery Nation state Reformation Renaissance

The concept of Europe

The Diplomatic characteristics of major European countries

England: Equilibrium 1 Let’s fight against the whole world, but must maintain peace with English！ Queen Elizabeth and the Golden Era English independent diplomacy Fight against Spain Expansion on sea

France: towards European hegemony 2 Cardinal Richelieu and politique (politics over religion) Conflict with Holy Roman Empire

Holy Roman Empire and the House of Habsuburg: glory and pressure 3 Domestic problems: Religion issue Central-Local conflicts Foreign problem: hostility from outside

4 8 5 7 6

Thirty Year’s War The Bohemian Revolt Danish Intervention Defenestration of Prague 1618.5.23 Danish Intervention Swidish Intervention Swedish sword French fund French Intervention Swedish stack French fist

Gustav Adolf II Albrecht von Wallenstein

The Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia The rulers of the Imperial States to independently decide their religious worship. Protestants and Catholics were redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was given legal recognition. The last major religious war in Europe Territorial adjustments

Dutch Netherlands Brandenburg Switzerland Independent Brandenburg Gains territory Switzerland Gains territory

Alsace To France

Europe in 1648

The Peace of Westphalia Solution to religion issue: tolerence and liberty Solution to supremacy issue: weakening of House of Habsburg The principles of respecting the boundaries of sovereign states and non-interference in their domestic affairs became central to the world order that developed over the following centuries and remains in effect to this day. The adoption of multilateral diplomatic talks based on sovereinty and legal equality improved the nationa system and created a new European diplomatic system, thus avoding longer war and the invasion of Turkey. The theory of protecting every nation in spite of its size, blood ties and religion was considered as the beginning of modern international law, and a start of international constitution.

Rise of Five European Powers ENG FRA H.R.E SPA ENG FRA RUS AUS PRU The Peace of Westphalia

Rise of Five European Powers ENG DUT AUS FRA The War of the Spanish Succession Seven Year’s War ENG PRU FRA AUS The War of the Austrian Succession ENG DUT AUS RUS FRA PRU SPA SWE

Rise of Five European Powers Treaty of Utretht and “Balance of Power” Kaunitz and Diplomatic Revolution Emer de Vattel and Law of Nations

Balance of Power The idea of “balance of power”is as old as history and well accepted by politicians and theorists now and then. It was originated from the instince of self- survival and other human experiences. – David Hume Europe has formed a political system. Under the system, the relation between countries are influenced by interests and thus they are united as one group…we must arrange international affairs properly. No country shall be put supreme to control other countries. – Vattel

Balance of Power Vertical alliance Horizontal alliance

Birth of modern state and the concept of Europe Thirty Year’s War and Peace of Westphalia Rising of Five European Powers Balance of Power France V.S. Britain