English 1 for Management (1EA) 3rd lesson Dea Adlina

Relative Clauses Relative pronoun (person & non person, possessive) Restrictive & non restrictive Relative Clauses

Relative pronoun (person & non person, possessive) A pronoun that introduces a relative clause. Use relative pronouns after a noun, to make it clear which person or thing we are talking about Example: The pants that I bought yesterday are already stained.

Relative pronoun Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for things and people only in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information).**

Relative pronoun

Relative pronoun Subjective: The boy rang the bell. Objective: you met the boy. Possessive: The boy’s bike was stolen.

Restrictive & non restrictive Restrictive clauses Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject.

But you can also use other relative pronoun. Restrictive Non restrictive That limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. Do not place punctuation around restrictive clauses. Which tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject. Place proper punctuation around nonrestrictive clauses But you can also use other relative pronoun.

Restrictive Non restrictive The 1964 Ford Mustang, which propelled Lee Iacocca to the top of the automobile industry, is now considered a classic. The credit card is in my wallet, which you can find in the kitchen drawer. The boat that sailed on October 25 is the one to which we referred in the contract.

Affirmative Agreement So, Too And Affirmative Agreement

Affirmative Agreement When indicating that one person or thing does something and then adding that another does the same.

Example When a form of the verb be is used in the main clause, the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple statement that follows. affirmative statement (be) + and + subject + verb (be) + too so +verb (be) + subject e.g. I am happy. You are happy - I am happy and you are too - I am happy and so are you

Change the verb to do/does/did Example e.g. I run very fast. She runs very fast - I run very fast and she does too - I run very fast and so does she Jill went to the cinema yesterday. So did I. She was at the library. So was I. Copy the auxiliary / be Change the verb to do/does/did Mind the subject

Connectors Because

Subordinating Connectors because, because of Adverb clause Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. Subject + verb noun

Permission, Request, Necessity, Prohibition Modal auxiliaries

Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Yes, of course. Permission MAY I COULD I May I (please) borrow your pen? (b) Could I borrow your pen (please)? Used to request permission. They are equally polite. Might is used less frequently but is also possible. CAN I Can I borrow your pen? Used informally to request permission TYPICAL RESPONSES: Certainly. Yes, certainly. Of course. Yes, of course. Sure. (informal)

Yes, I’d (I would) be happy to. Request WOULD YOU WILL YOU Would you pass the salt (please)? (b) Will you (please) pass the salt? Used to make a polite request. Would you is more common and considered more polite. COULD YOU Could you pass the salt? Would you = Do you want to do this please? Could you = Do you want to do this please and is it possible for you ro do this? CAN YOU Will you (please) pass the salt? Used informally TYPICAL RESPONSES: Yes, I’d (I would) be happy to. Yes, I’d be glad to. Certainly. Sure. (informal)

Permission and Request WOULD YOU MIND IF I VERB 2 Would you mind if I closed the window? Used to request permission. It means: May I close the window? Is it alright if I close the window? Will it cause you any trouble or discomfort if I close the window? TYPICAL RESPONSES: No, of course not. No. Not at all. No, that would be fine. WOULD YOU MIND VERB-ING Would you mind closing the window? It means: I don’t want to cause you any trouble, but would you please close the window? No, I’d be happy to. Not at all, I’d be glad to.

Necessity and Prohibition Expressing Necessity: Have to, Have got to and Must All applicants must take an entrance exam. All applicants have to take an entrance exam. Must and have to both express necessity I have to talk to her about the brunch tomorrow. I must talk to him right away. Must is usually stronger than have to and indicate urgency or stress importance. I have to (“hafta”) be home by seven. He has to (“hasta”) bring a bouquet. I have got to go (I’ve gotta go / I gotta go) now. I have to go now. Have got to is informal

Necessity and Prohibition Expressing Lack of Necessity and prohibition: Do Not Have to and Must Not LACK OF NECESSITY I can hear you. You don’t have to shout. Need not is commonly used in British. For example: “You needn’t worry.” PROHIBITION You mustn't tell anyone my secret. It has the same meaning to: “Do not tell anyone! I forbid it.”

Telephone conversations TELEPHONING

Telephoning Thomson Corporation, good morning, David Black’s speaking? / (Whom / who do you want to speak to?) Good morning. This is James from The Trends. May I speak to Ms Alice, please? (Could you put me through to Ms Alice / to extension 247?) Hold the line, please ( would you please hold on / hang on a moment? I’ll just see, I’ll just find out ) Right you are / Sorry, but she is not in / I am afraid she is not here / Sorry, but she won’t be back till Monday). Would you tell her that I rang? / Could you take a message? / Could I leave a message? / Would you ask her to call me back? Please reach me at 4100125 / Would you tell her to ring me when she gets back? I’d be glad to / Certainly / with pleasure Could you hang up for some time and call her back after lunch? Certainly. Thank you

Making an appointment Could I see Ms Susan at about 9.30 am tomorrow? I’d like to fix an appointment with the principal. Would 9.30 am tomorrow be all right? Sorry, but she is fully booked till eleven unless there is a cancellation / I am afraid not. She has got a full day tomorrow / Sorry, but She won’t be in till 10.30, so the earliest would be 11. How about 12. 45? / Is 12.45 any good? Sorry, but that is taken too / Sorry again, but I’ll ring you if somebody cancels. Yes, she is free then / Yes, I’ll make a note of it. Thank you very much.

Task Make a telephone conversation for situation 1 Make a short essay, answering situation 2 OR 3. Within the essay please use and at least 2 adverbs, adjectives and modal auxiliaries. Underline each adverb, adjective and modal present.

BUSINESS CONVERSATION part B INDEPENDENT SPEAKING: COVERSATION and PARAPHRASING Situation 1 A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near your community. Make a conversation discussing the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your community. Do you support or oppose the factory?

BUSINESS CONVERSATION part B INDEPENDENT SPEAKING: COVERSATION and PARAPHRASING Situation 2: Which would you choose: a high-paying job with long hours that would give you little time with family and friends or a lower-paying job with shorter hours that would give you more time with family and friends? Explain your choice, using specific reasons and details.

BUSINESS CONVERSATION part B INDEPENDENT SPEAKING: COVERSATION and PARAPHRASING Situation 3: Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy things we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples or details to support your opinion.

See you in 2 weeks. Have a good day!