The Islamic Religion and Islamic Empire HASEEB RANA AND OMAR JANJUA 1st Period/Totaro The Islamic Religion and Islamic Empire

MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET Origins of Islam Muhammad (570-632 AD), the Prophet, was the founder of Islam When he was 40, he was given messages from Allah He spread these messages to his followers, which sprung Islam He was known as the Messenger of Allah and the last prophet Pictures of Muhammad are forbidden in Islam and is considered a sin

Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities

Spread of Islam

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam Monotheism Abrahamic Religion (believes in one God) Judgment Day = Judged in front of Allah Believes in Jesus/Moses/Abraham as Prophets Afterlife: Good Deeds = Heaven Bad Deeds = Hell BELIEFS

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam Reading the Quran (Holy Book) which is written in Arabic Fasting for 30 days Celebrating Eid/Ramadan TRADITIONS

Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam Not allowed to eat pork, nor drink alcohol Five Pillars of Islam Pilgrimage to Mecca Fasting Prayer (5x a day) Alms Giving Belief in Allah CUSTOMS

Geographic influence on origin and spread Trade routes were along Mecca and Medina

EXPANSION DESPITE GEOGRPAHIC DIFFICULTIES Muslims were natural explorers Used camels to reach distances that were impossible by foot Had religious motivation The Hindu-Kush and Himalayas made difficulty along with the desert for the Islamic travelers

Fertile Crescent Abu-Bakr and the next 3 caliphs; Umar, Uthman, and Ali controlled all of Arabia Under Uthman, the army took control of Syria and lower Egypt, which were part of the Byzantine Empire They also took parts of the Persian Empire Uthman and Ali continued to expand the empire eastward and westward By 750 the Muslim empire stretched 6000 miles

Political Unity of the first Islamic Empire was short-lived Murder of Uthman in 656 triggered a civil war with groups in need of power Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, Uthman’s successor gets murdered in 661 Systems of Caliphs ends Begins the Umayyads reign

Jerusalem and Damascus

Spread of Arabic/Trade

Slavery NOT based on RACE Prisoners of war/children of prisoners Slaves had religious rights

Death of Ali The Umayyad's took over and started a hereditary system of succession Surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony like non-Muslims Brought a division in the community Sunni- Did not resist rule of Umayyad’s and were followers of Muhammad’s example Shi’a- Resisted Umayyad’s and believed that the person responsible of spreading Muhammad’s example MUST be a relative

Capital Moved to Baghdad

Battle of Tours In 732 AD Christians stopped Muslim spread into Western Europe Christians were victorious

Fall of Baghdad to Mongols Occurred in 1258 Left Baghdad destroyed 100,000-1 million dead Sacked and burned Everything was destroyed, including libraries

Cultural contributions and achievements DOME OF THE ROCK

ISLAMIC MOSAICS

Arabic Alphabet

UNIVERSITIES

TRANSLATIONS Greek works were translated into Arabic Other works were also translated, as well This helped to preserve knowledge

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS ARABIC NUMBERS

ALGEBRA Al-Khwarizmi invented the idea of Algebra Wrote a text book in the 800’s explaining the art of bring together unknown to match quantities He called it Al-Jabr, which is known as Algebra

Medicine Al-Razi wrote the Comprehensive Book Believed recovery from clean air Used hospitals Contributed greatly to the growth of medicine and healthier lifestyles

CALLIGRAPHY Art of Beautiful Handwriting

Geographic Knowledge Had many updated maps Was familiar with the geographic area Spread knowledge with trade

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