The Second Industrial Revolution (Started by steel and oil)

The First Industrial Revolution had given rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum led the way to new industrial frontiers. Both Revolutions created new working environments that were not suitable for the new technologies. Workers were steadily looking for ways to improve their working environments, these ideas were introduced by Karl Marx.

Marx’s Theory 1848- The Communists Manifesto was published. Written by two Germans- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Horrible Conditions influenced their writings.

The Age of Invention From 1865 to 1905 the US had a surge of industrial growth which became known as the Second Industrial Revolution What is the importance of the date 1865? This new era began with numerous discoveries and inventions that spurred growth in manufacturing, transportation, and Americans everyday life As Coal spurred the initial industrial revolution, Steel made the second industrial revolution possible Steel was used in the construction of heavy machinery that mass produced goods

More Originally converting iron ore into steel was too expensive to be used until Henry Bessemer {Bessemer Process- burned all the impurities in molten iron with hot air} The method produced more steel in one day than the old method did in one week Alexander Holley improved the process and steel production skyrocketed in U.S. {This production of steel used iron ore in the Midwest brought through the great lakes into towns like Cleveland and Pittsburg} These towns became major centers for steel manufacturing

Steel was used for… Railroad tracks Bridges Building frames Machinery ( the more steel was produced the cheaper it was to buy)

This led to… Stronger longer lasting rails Stronger bridges Taller multi-story buildings More Jobs people moving into cities

OIL Advancements in oil refinement also affected the Industrial Revolution Originally oil was processed for Kerosene for lamps to light a house A demand was growing for the oil so {Edwin Drake drills for oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania} Drake’s Folly Drake strikes oil leading to oil boom Drakes success led others to drill for oil in other parts of the country

Black Gold In Texas there was success Anthony F Lucas strikes oil At Spindletop in Beaumont TX This started the TX oil boom 1902 20% of oil was produced at spindletop alone By 1904 this production rate had dropped off but there was still 10,000 barrels daily

Elijah McCoy The son of runaway slaves {Invented a lubricating cup that fed oil to parts of machine while it was running} He received a Patent for his invention {PATENT A guarantee to protect an inventors rights to make, use or sell his invention.} This helped many kinds of machines operate smoothly and quickly

Transportation Railroads- linked isolated areas to the rest of the country Steel was so affordable it led to the railroads laying more tracks {Prior to the Civil war railroads in the U.S. averaged 100 miles in length} The first transcontinental railroad was completed in1869 Completed by Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies

George Westinghouse Developed the Compressed airbrake This increased Railroad safety enabling the locomotive and all cars to stop at the same time He also developed a communications system that allowed trains and stations to talk to each other Changes in track design also helped the rail service {Standard gauge (width of the rails) allowed people to stay on one railway line rather than transfer trains constantly while traveling}

Effects of better transportation First railroads provided many of the country’s jobs Building locomotives and rail cars spurred on the steel industry Better faster transportation out west increased western settlement Towns sprang up around railroad stations Companies could now sell products nationally

The Car Also known as the Horseless Carriage {Innovations in Oil led to motors and the car} Combustion engine powered by gas was invented in 1876 J Frank Duryea built the first practical motor car in the U.S. Use of car was limited due to high cost

Airplanes

Flight The internal combustion engine also led to advancements in flight Orville and Wilbur Wright developed one of the first working airplanes Dec. 17, 1903 near {Kitty Hawk North Carolina, Orville made the first piloted flight} It lasted 12 seconds and went 120 feet, in a powered plane

Telegraph and Telephone Telegraph invented by Samuel Morse 1837 Telegraph grew with the railroad and offices were located in train stations and strung wires along the railroad lines Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 patented the telephone Created jobs for women needed as operators Bell Telephone became one of the longest lasting monopolies

{Wizard of Menlo Park Thomas Edison was home schooled} He went into the “invention business” by opening a lab at Menlo Park and doing research He promised a minor invention every 10 days and a major invention every 6 months He held more than 1,000 patents at his death

Edison inventions Phonograph Electric vote recorder Light bulb* Improved telephone Improved telegraph Early motion pictures Electric lamps Typewriter Electric printer Electric motor

The War Edison Vs Tesla

AC vs. DC Alternating current Direct current The Electric chair AC vs. DC Alternating current Direct current

Review Questions What process burned all the impurities in molten iron with hot air? Where did Drakes Folly happen? What is a guarantee to protect an inventors rights to make, use or sell his invention? Prior to the Civil war how long were the average railroads?

The End

Board Work Graphic Organizer p 193 Describe the effect of the innovation of the airplane on Daily life from the perspective of someone from the early 1900’s. Include the ideas of the past the present and dream of the future Imagine that you are a newspaper reporter and you are covering Edison's lab, write an article over what you see coming out of the lab