Origins of the Civil War & Westward Expansion ^ Propaganda for Manifest Destiny & Westward Expansion

Westward Expansion

Reasons for Western Expansion Manifest Destiny Gold Discovered in California Homestead Act of 1862 Transcontinental Railroad The American Dream Territorial Expansion: 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1845 Texas 1848 Mexican-American War: Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, California, Nevada, and Utah By 1850, America gains the Oregon Territory Painting: John Gast’s “American Progress”

Discussion Question Which reason caused the most amount of discord between the North and the South during Westward Expansion?

Missouri Compromise Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Drew a line at the 36 30’ latitude line Prohibiting slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of that line. The South learned the importance of maintaining the balance of Senate votes from slave and free states. 1820

Sectionalism Sectionalism is loyalty to a particular region or section of a country instead of to the nation as a whole Opposite of nationalism 1st developed as a result of the different geographies of the regions.

Sectionalism & Representation Northern Industry Attracted European immigrants Allowed the North to have a larger representation in the House of Representatives. The South Did not attract many immigrants Although the international slave trade was outlawed in 1808, the numbers of slaves grew due to higher birth rates and smuggling. (Slaves do not count as whole citizens– 3/5 Compromise)

Southern Fears Southerners Feared that if slavery could not expand into the territories The national government would be in the hands of the North Slavery would be outlawed Southerners would have a large African American population that they could not control Both sides became more stubborn in their beliefs Were less willing to compromise on the issue of expansion of slavery into the territories

Discussion Economically and politically, why was the end of slavery inevitable in the South?

Nullification Crisis Video Directions – Take notes on the main points about the Nullification Crisis. (Hint: The video gives you prompts to copy down for your notes.) Andrew Jackson and the Nullification Crisis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Arb_ybDn7bA

Argument for States’ Rights South was worried that the federal government was too controlling of the states, especially over the issue of slavery. Many Southerners believed they should have its own right to decide what to do. States’ rights: All rights kept by the states under the Constitution, and not given to the federal government. But the South used this idea in a self-serving way. Since the Constitution didn’t say anything about slavery, states should decide this for themselves, they said. Historians today Southerners in 1850 Uh…no. You really are say- ing that you want to be able to have slavery no matter what. Southerners don’t want the federal government to control us. States just want the right to do what the Constitution allows.

1846 Wilmot Proviso Said NO territory could have slavery. - Divided Congress regionally Sectionalism  North vs. South NORTH supported Wilmot Proviso. Were angered that the South did not support “internal improvements”. South opposed the Wilmot Proviso. Questioned the “Constitutionality” of it. Claimed “Property” was protected by the 1st Amendment! Wilmot Proviso DID NOT PASS in Congress! But, the debate would go on especially with the request from California to be admitted as a state.

Henry Clay proposed a compromise. Adopted after months of debate. Compromise of 1850 1849 – Congress was very divided over the issue of California’s statehood. The North wants… Abolition of slavery in Washington D.C. California admitted as a free state No slavery in any of the territories The South wants… Enforcement of the fugitive slave law of 1793 Slavery allowed in territories Henry Clay proposed a compromise. Adopted after months of debate. California was admitted as a free state; Utah and New Mexico territories decided by vote (popular sovereignty) Boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico resolved Sale of slaves in Washington D.C. is banned but slavery can continue Fugitive Slave Act required people to help capture and return escaped slaves

Henry Clay The “Great Compromiser” Authored the Missouri Compromise and the 1850 Compromise

End of Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 - MUST KNOWS Henry Clay “The Great Compromiser” California = no slaves Utah & N.M. Territories = popular sovereignty All other territories = no slaves Fugitive Slave Act 1850 DID NOT SOLVE THE SLAVERY ISSUE (Band-Aid on a gunshot wound)

Fugitive Slave Act 1850 Video Directions – Take notes on the main points about the Fugitive Slave Act. http://www.pbs.org/video/2319483495/

Discussion The compromises were agreed to by both sides. Why did the compromises not last?

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 The Compromise of 1850 dealt with lands that were part of the Mexican Cession, but not with the lands of the Louisiana Purchase. Stephen Douglas proposed that the Nebraska Territory be split into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. The settlers living in each territory would be able to decide the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty.

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 Southern leaders supported it because they assumed Missouri farmers with slaves would move across the border. President Franklin Pierce supported the bill and pushed it through Congress. Northerners were unhappy with the decision. Said Missouri Compromise had already banned slavery in the area and that this repealed that act. Some protested by openly challenging the Fugitive Slave Act Political Cartoon by John L. Magee

Bleeding Kansas Abolitionist & proslavery forces race to populate Kansas & write state constitution Both sides stage terrorist attacks Jayhawks led by John Brown responsible for Pottawatomie Massacre 157 violent deaths, but only 38 definitely related to slavery conflict Congressman Preston Brooks savagely beat Senator Charles Sumner in the Senate (May 22, 1856) Preston Brooks attacking Charles Sumner in the U.S. Senate in 1856.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates Video Directions – Take notes on the main points about the Presidential Election of 1860. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roNmeOOJCDY Skip to 11:00.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates Buchanan backed fraudulent pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution (1858) Douglas opposed – declared “Freeport Doctrine” in debates with Lincoln Dred Scott ruling must be respected Territories could still bar slavery by failing to pass necessary laws Lincoln pointed out inherent contradiction

After Lincoln’s election in 1860, the South felt particularly threatened. Ultimately, Southerners chose to try to leave or secede from the United States so they could use their states’ rights to have slaves. Secession (to secede): to break away from a country, in this case the South breaking away from the United States. President Lincoln was very much against secession. He wanted to force the South to remain a part of the U.S. In a famous speech, Lincoln said, “a house divided against itself cannot stand.” The South ultimately opens fires on a Federal fort in Charleston, S.C. called Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. This begins the Civil War which would last for 4 bloody years as the South tried to secede from the Union. The first battle:

Published by Currier & Ives, New York, circa 1861. Discussion Look at the images in the political cartoon. Describe what is happening. Published by Currier & Ives, New York, circa 1861.