Day 67: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Baltimore Polytechnic Institute December 8, 2016 A/A.P. U.S. History Mr. Green

Renewing the Sectional Struggle Objectives: Indicate how the Whig party’s disintegration over slavery signaled the end of nonsectional political parties. Describe how the Pierce administration, as well as private American adventurers, pursued numerous overseas and expansionist ventures primarily designed to expand slavery. Describe Americans’ first ventures into China and Japan in the 1850s and their diplomatic, economic, cultural, and religious consequences. Describe the nature and purpose of Douglas’s Kansas- Nebraska Act, and explain why it fiercely rekindled the slavery controversy that the Compromise of 1850 had been designed to settle. AP Focus Not content with the land gained from Mexico, southerners look to Central America and the Caribbean for possible slave states. Central America is also seen as an ideal location for a canal connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, a project a future generation will undertake. The Kansas-Nebraska Act, orchestrated by Senator Stephen A. Douglas for political as well as personal reasons, further polarizes the nation. Northerners conclude that, with popular sovereignty, there will be no limitations placed on the expansion of slavery.

Chapter Focus Chapter Themes In the 1850s, American expansionism in the West and the Caribbean was extremely controversial because it was tied to the slavery question. Commercial interests guided American foreign policy in Asia and contributed to sectional tension within the United States, as regions tried to secure the terminus to a transcontinental railroad.

Announcements Election Charts 1836, 1840,1844, 1848 are due on Tuesday of this week

Quiz What were the non-Treaty results of the Mexican-American War? Identify the components of the Compromise of 1850. How will this impact future slavery questions? Evaluate the effectiveness of the Compromise of 1850.

Defeat and Doom for the Whigs Election of 1852 Democrats Franklin Pierce New Hampshire Weak/Indecisive Served in Mexican War Endorsed: Compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Law 254 Electoral Votes Whigs Winfield Scott Ablest general of his generation Praised Compromise of 1850, Fugitive Slave Law Split on slavery 42 Electoral Votes Marked the end of the Whigs

Expansionist Stirrings South of the Border Central America a concern after the gold rush and Mexican War The dream of a continuous Atlantic to Pacific transportation route aroused debate Britain seized San Juan del Norte (Nicaragua’s Mosquito Coast) Caused a treaty between the U.S. and New Granada(Columbia) U.S. the right of transit across the Isthmus by maintaining the “perfect neutrality” of the route for free trade Transcontinental Railroad completed in 1855 though the Panamanian jungle Clayton-Bulwer Treaty-U.S. and Britain would not seek exclusive control over a future Isthmain waterway

Central America

On to Central America Southern slavocrats wanted to push slavery south into Central America by acquiring land. William Walker-tried to take Baja California Took Nicaragua and installed himself as President U.S. withdrew recognition and he was executed in 1860 by a Honduran firing squad Cuba another enticing slavery acquisition Polk offered $100 million to Spain 1850-1851 feeble takeovers ended in disaster Spain took American Steamer Black Warrior in 1854 Ostend Manifesto-$120 million for Cuba. If not, and the continued Spanish ownership endangered American interests, the U.S. would be right in forcefully taking the land

The Allure of Asia Caleb Cushing sent by President Tyler in early 1844 Signed the Treaty of Wanghia-1st formal diplomatic treaty between the U.S. and China Matthew C. Perry sent by President Fillmore Used grace and fear to finalize the Treaty of Kanagawa on March 31, 1854

Pacific Railroad Promoters/Gadsden Purchase Transportation to newly acquired lands imperative to keep them in the union All sorts of solutions….even camels Railroads the only solution Where to build this railroad??? The South? The North? Best routes south of the Mexican Border Secretary of War Jefferson Davis arranged James Gadsden, a railroad man to negotiate with Santa Anna Purchased a small area for $10 million

Proposed Southern RR line

Kansas and Nebraska, 1854

Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Scheme Stephen Douglass envisioned a line of settlements across the continent He also owned Chicago real estate and railroad stock. Proposed the Nebraska Territory be sliced into 2-Kansas and Nebraska Utilized popular sovereignty to decide slavery Flew in face of Missouri Compromise