AN INTRODUCTION TO TAXONOMY: THE BACTERIA CHAPTER 9

Taxonomy Taxon - arrangement Carolus Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature Genus Specific epithet Italicized or underlined Staphylococcus aureus Species versus Strains

Taxonomic Heirarchy

Taxonomic Keys Dichotomous key Criteria used in classification Phylogeny Evolutionary relatedness Morphology Structural similarity

Five Kingdom Classification Whittaker 4 Eukaryotic Kingdoms 1 Prokaryotic Kingdom, now expanded into 2 Domains (not detailed enough)

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes Single celled No cell wall Chemoheterotrophic Some may photosynthesize Environmental and pathogens No embryonic development or spore formation

Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotes Single or multi-cellular Chemoheterotrophs Chitin in cell wall Spore formers Pathogens and decomposers

Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotes Multicellular Photoautotrophic Metabolites for some protection Cellulose in cell wall

Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotes Multicellular No cell wall Chemoautotrophs Embryonic development Helminths/Arthropods significant in Microbiology

Domain/Superkingdom Classification Supercedes Kingdom classification Eukarya Bacteria Archaea Methanogens Extreme Halophiles Extreme Thermo(acido)philes

Classification Over Time 3 domains presently accepted

Bacteria Prokaryotic size and cell features Peptidoglycan in cell wall 70S ribosomes Membrane lipids like Eukaryotes No histones

Archaea Prokaryotic size and cell features No Peptidoglycan in cell wall 80S ribosomes Membrane lipid differences Histone-like proteins Methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles

Membrane Lipid Linkages Branched isoprene chains Un-branched fatty acids Ether linkage Ester linkage L-glycerol D-glycerol BACTERIA and EUKARYA ARCHAEAN

PossibleOrigins of the Domains

The “Shrub” of Life Ancestral genetic pool Lateral Gene transfer Chloroplasts Mitochondria

Virus Classification Acellular Not included in Binomial Nomenclature scheme Classification by Nucleic acid type Envelope presence

Taxonomic Methods Numerical Taxonomy Genetic Homology Binary comparisons of many characteristics Genetic Homology Base compositon Gene comparisons Protein profiling

DNA Hybridization

Protein Profiling Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Other Techniques Ribosome Properties Immunological Reactions Phage Typing

Bergey’s Manuals Classification Identification Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Encyclopaedic Phylogenetic Reference/ Research Identification Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Comparison of key differences Diagnostic