The Impact of Higher Education on Regional Development Multilateral Policy Forum Ditchley Park Oxfordshire, United Kingdom The Impact of Higher Education on Regional Development Country Perspective – The United States of America Paul E. Lingenfelter, State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO) May 21, 2004 Collaborating with Aims McGuinness, National Center for Higher Education Management Systems (NCHEMS)

What is coming Short discussion of core issues Views of regional poverty and higher education in two states, Illinois and Kentucky Overview of different interventions and outcomes in the U.S. Overview of Illinois development and Kentucky strategies Reflections on mechanisms and challenges in regional development

Core Issues and a question The purposes of higher education – 1) To advance and disseminate knowledge 2) To promote social development, economic opportunity and mobility What are the implications of increased reliance on competitive market forces to allocate resources and programs in higher education?

Is economic and social development the work of higher education? The theory of the leaky bucket: Conventional economic thinking: Interventions to reduce inequality compromise economic efficiency Inequality, however, has both benefits and costs: Benefits: Incentives for innovation and productive work Costs: Blunts productive incentives, Perpetuates incapacity, and Fuels social conflict

Yes: Education is a powerful, efficient remedy for inequality of opportunity It has durable intergenerational effects It can (with effort) overcome inherited disadvantage It creates public goods It may increase understanding and diminish social conflict

Percentage of 1992 High School Graduates Attending College in 1994 Socio-economic status and participation in higher education in the U.S. Percentage of 1992 High School Graduates Attending College in 1994 By Achievement Test and Socioeconomic Status Quartile SES Quartile Lowest Highest Achievement Quartile 78% 97% 36% 77% Source: Access Denied, Department of Education, February 2001

Regional inequality in the United States – 2000 census Families in poverty Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Regional inequality in Kentucky – 2000 census Families in poverty Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Regional inequality in Illinois – 2000 census Families in poverty Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Regional inequality in Chicago Metro area – 1970 census Families in poverty

Regional inequality in Chicago Metro area – 1990 census Families in poverty

Observations on regional poverty Geographical disadvantage is stubbornly persistent When concentrated, poverty spreads and deepens Educational achievement without job opportunities produces migration Without job opportunities, educational incentives are lower To address regional poverty economic development and human development must go hand in hand

U.S. Interventions to address poverty and inequality of opportunity Focused on individuals Focused on communities, schools, and families Focused on regions: Institutional location and development Collaborative efforts

Interventions focused on individuals Need-based financial assistance - Pell Grants, state student assistance TRIO Programs - Counseling and coaching disadvantaged students Incentives for academic preparation (with or without regard to financial need) - Merit scholarships, 21st Century Scholars, OHLAP Assistance with academic preparation - Systematic diagnostic testing Adult Basic Education

Interventions focused on schools, communities, families Community development (general as well as higher education based) No Child Left Behind GEAR UP (also early intervention for individuals)

Interventions focused on regions Location of Institutions Regional planning efforts Cross-cutting collaboration

The sequence of higher education development in Illinois Phase One – First 100 years Development from south to north Public higher education scarce in population centers Phase Two – 1960 to 1975 Statewide saturation with community colleges Expansion of public universities Phase Three – 1995 to present Creation of multi-institutional collaborative centers

Higher Education in Illinois Location of Private Institutions (Large numbers in Chicago not shown) Map Source: Illinois Board of Higher Education

Higher Education in Illinois Location of Public Universities Map Source: Illinois Board of Higher Education

Higher Education in Illinois Location of Community Colleges (most established after 1960) Map Source: Illinois Board of Higher Education

Interesting Illinois outcomes after 30 years of a mature system Illinois 25-34 years old: Some college or associate degree Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Interesting Illinois outcomes after 30 years of a mature system Illinois 25-34 years old: Just an Associate Degree Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Interesting Illinois outcomes after 30 years of a mature system Illinois 25-34 years old: Baccalaureate or higher Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

U.S. 25-34 years old: Baccalaureate or higher Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Some college or associate degree Kentucky 25-34 years old: Some college or associate degree Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Just an Associate Degree Kentucky 25-34 years old: Just an Associate Degree Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Baccalaureate or higher Kentucky 25-34 years old: Baccalaureate or higher Map Source: Higheredinfo.org

Kentucky Focus

Observations from experience Institutional location, a physical presence, matters Successful development is multifaceted; individual, community, collaborative strategies are required Development is difficult, takes time, and is unlikely to yield dramatic results

Observations from experience Development must be an explicit priority, with financial support Collaboration is essential and difficult Success requires the institutionalization of commitment

The Impact of Higher Education on Regional Development Multilateral Policy Forum Ditchley Park Oxfordshire, United Kingdom The Impact of Higher Education on Regional Development Country Perspective – The United States of America Paul E. Lingenfelter, State Higher Education Executive Officers (SHEEO) May 21, 2004 Collaborating with Aims McGuinness, National Center for Higher Education Management Systems (NCHEMS)