Figure 2.1 The circuit symbols for (a) an ideal independent voltage source and (b) an ideal independent current source.

Figure 2.2 The circuit symbols for (a) an ideal dependent voltage-controlled voltage source, (b) an ideal dependent current-controlled voltage source, (c) an ideal dependent voltage-controlled current source, and (d) an ideal dependent current-controlled current source.

Figure 2.3 The circuits for Example 2.1.

Figure 2.4 The circuits for Example 2.2.

Figure 2.5 The circuit symbol for a resistor having a resistance R.

Figure 2.6 Two possible reference choices for the current and voltage at the terminals of a resistor, and the resulting equations.

Figure 2.7 The circuit symbol for an 8 Ω resistor.

Figure 2.8 The circuits for Example 2.3.

Figure 2. 9 A flashlight can be viewed as an electrical system Figure 2.9 A flashlight can be viewed as an electrical system. Thom Lang/Corbis

Figure 2. 10 Circuit symbols. (a) Short circuit. (b) Open circuit Figure 2.10 Circuit symbols. (a) Short circuit. (b) Open circuit. (c) Switch.

Figure 2.11 The arrangement of flashlight components.

Figure 2.12 A circuit model for a flashlight.

Figure 2.13 The (a) device and (b) data for Example 2.5.

Figure 2. 14 (a) The values of vt versus it for the device in Fig. 2 Figure 2.14 (a) The values of vt versus it for the device in Fig. 2.13. (b) The circuit model for the device in Fig. 2.13.

Figure 2.15 Circuit model of the flashlight with assigned voltage and current variables.

Figure 2.16 The circuit for Example 2.6.

Figure 2.17 The circuit for Example 2.7.

Figure 2.18 The circuit for Example 2.8.

Figure 2. 19 The circuit shown in Fig. 2 Figure 2.19 The circuit shown in Fig. 2.18, with the unknowns i1, υo, and υ1 defined.

Figure 2.20 (a) Device and (b) data for Example 2.9.

Figure 2. 21 (a) The graph of υt versus it for the device in Fig. 2 Figure 2.21 (a) The graph of υt versus it for the device in Fig. 2.20(a). (b) The resulting circuit model for the device in Fig. 2.20(a), connected to a 10 Ω resistor.

Figure 2.22 A circuit with a dependent source.

Figure 2.23 The circuit for Example 2.10.

Figure 2.24 The circuit for Example 2.11.

Figure 2.25 A wiring diagram for two radiators.

Figure 2.26 A circuit based on Fig. 2.25.

Figure 2.27 Another way to wire two radiators.

Figure 2.28 A circuit based on Fig. 2.27.

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