13 Leisure for All C H A P T E R Nancy Nisbett and H. Joey Gray, with contributions by J. Michael Wallace Chapter 13

Learning Outcomes Identify at least two constraints to recreation participation for the following: People with disabilities People in rural areas People in urban areas Men, women, gay and lesbian, and transgender groups Ethnic and racial groups Articulate how a person’s socioeconomic status influences leisure choices. Articulate how a person’s ethnic, cultural, religious, and sexual orientations influence leisure choices.

People With Disabilities People of all ages, ethnicities, and socioeconomic statuses Americans with Disabilities Act Inclusive recreation Recreation therapy

Veterans More than 2 million veterans are identified as having service-related disabilities Physical and emotional impairments

Don’t be afraid to get in there and play, no matter what your abilities or skill level.

Older Adults Growing population Increasing life span Changing recreation interests Leisure as primary social outlet

Age should never be a limitation Age should never be a limitation. You’re never too old to get involved and have some fun.

Location and Income Location Income Influences leisure choices Creates barriers Income Low-cost recreation is needed for individuals of lower SES. Recreation programs provide skill development for inner-city youth as well as the homeless.

Leisure and Segments of Society Not all segments of society participate equally. For example: socioeconomic background. Are all those who sail boats considered yachtsmen? Can you think of other examples?

Leisure Constraints Theory Interpersonal constraints: For example, a student may not eat lunch at a particular table at school because she is not in the popular clique at school. Intrapersonal constraints: For example, a woman may believe that mostly men use the fitness center; therefore, she might not go. Structural constraints: For example, Amish people do not travel as far as those who use automobiles due to their religious and cultural beliefs.

Women and Men What kind of barriers to participation do women and men face? Masculine versus feminine sports Teasing and stereotyping Gender issues Homophobia How might recreation professionals address these issues?

LGBTQQ Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer and questioning Homophobia: societal discrimination and stigma of individuals who do not conform to traditional norms of sex and gender (continued)

LGBTQQ (continued) What are some of the issues LGBTQQ face regarding participation in recreational activities? How has the LGBTQQ community influenced the leisure industry? Why is planning for LGBTQQ important?

Ethnicity, Race, and Culture What role might ethnicity, race, and culture play in leisure pursuits? Cultural values of race and ethnic groups influence perceptions and behaviors. What barriers to participation might members of an ethnic subculture face? (continued)

Ethnicity, Race, and Culture (continued) Marginality hypothesis emphasizes minority status as a causal factor in explaining underparticipation among minorities. Ethnic hypothesis maintains that minority underparticipation or intergroup variation results from differences between racial or ethnic groups. Ethnicity attributes differences in recreation behavior to value differences based on subcultural norms.

Cultural Awareness Why are cultural awareness and acceptance important? How might leisure professionals promote cultural awareness?